Mood-and-Modality

Interacting:theinterpersonalmetafunction1Rolesofaddressersandaudience2Mood3ModalityRolesofaddressersandaudienceOneThemostfundamentalpurposesinanyexchangearegivingordemandingacommodityofsomekind.commodityexchangedRolesofaddressersandaudienceinformationgoodsandserviesInaverbalexchange,thecommoditythatthespeakermaybegivingordemandingisinformation.如果讲话者讲话讲话的目的是为了让听话者告诉他某事，如“几点了？”或“你什么时候动身？”那么在这一交际过程中所交流的就是信息：听话者只需要用语言作答即可。Inanon-verbalaction,thecommodityisalsocalledgoods-and-services.如果讲话者讲话的目的是让听话者为他做某事，如“请关上窗子！”或给予他某项物品，如”把盐递给我！”那么在这一交际过程中所交流的物品和服务。Wethenendedupwithfourbasicspeechroles:givinginformation;demandinginformation;givinggoods-and-services;anddemadinggoods-and-services.交际角色和交流物这两个变项组成了四种最主要的言语功能：“提供”（offer），“命令”（command），“陈述”（statement），“提问”（question）。roleinexchangecommodityexchanged(a)goods-and-services(b)information(ⅰ)givingofferI'llshowyoutheway.statementWe'renearlythere.(ⅱ)demandingcommandGivemeyourhand.questionIsthistheplace?thebasicfunctionsandthegrammaticalstructuresthreeofthesebasicfunctionsarecloselyassociatedwithparticulargrammaticalstructures.Theyare:statementsaremostnaturallyexpressedbydeclarativeclausesquestionsbyinterrogativeclausescommandsbyimperativeclausesNote:offersaretheoddone,sincetheyarenotassociatedwithaspecificedwithaspecificmoodchoice.Anoffercanbecarriedoutwithoutusinglanguage(aswhensomeonehandsyouacupoftea).MoodTwo2.1ThestructureoftheMood当我们观察英语中的陈述和提问及其反应时，我们会发现，它们通常是由某种的语法变化来表达的。这一变化只发生在小句的一部分上，其他部分不受影响，例如：1.——“They'veallgone.”——“Havethey?”2.——“Ithoughtveryhighlyofthem.”——“Soyoudid,didyou?”3.——“Onegoesonlooking.”——“Yes,Isupposeonedoes.Oratleastsomeofusdo.＂Whatishappeninghereisthatpartofthefirstspeaker'smessageisbeingpickedupandre-used,sometimesslightlyadapeted,inordertokeeptheexchangedgoing.However,itisnotjustanypart:ineachcase,thecoreoftheresponseconsisitsofthesametwoelements.OneistheSubject,forexample“they”inthefirstresponse.Theotheristraditionallycalledanauxiliaryverb(e.g.“have”inthesameresponse);butthisdoesnotidentifyitsfunctionpreciselyenough,andinourapproachthetermFiniteisusedinstead.SubjectFiniteMoodthestructureoftheMoodTheSubjectandtheFinitemakeupacomponentoftheclausethatiscalledtheMood,whichisthecoreoftheinterpersonalmetafunction.2.2IdentifyingSubjectandFinite•Itisusuallyrelativelyeasytoidentifythesubject,andonlyalittlelessdifficulttoidentifytheFinite,butinthecasesofdoubtwecanestablishexactlywhattheSubjectandFiniteofanyclausearebyaddingtagquesion•AtagquestionrepeatsthetwoelementsintheMoodattheendoftheclause.SubjectTherecognitionofSubjectAccordingtoHalliday(1994:73),“thesubject,inadeclarativeclause,isthatelementwhichispickedupbythepronouninthetag.”Eg:Thatteapotwasgiventoyouraunt,wasn’tit?Thedukehasgivenawaythatteapot,hasn’the?Subjectreferstothenominalgroupthatisrepeatedinpronounforminthetag.ThemeaningoftheSubjectInaproposition,thesubjectsuppliesthereststhbyreferencetowhichthepropositioncanbeaffirmedordenied.E.g:Thedukehasgivenawaythatteapot.Thesubjectthedukespecifiestheentityinrespectofwhichtheassertionisclaimedtohavevalidity.FiniteTherecognitionofFiniteTheFiniteisoneofasmallnumberofverbaloperatorsexpressingtense(auxiliaryverbs,eg:be,have)ormodality(modalverbs,eg:can,must).Eg:Shewasshoppingintown,wasn'tshe?It'spouringdownoutside,isn'tit?ThemeaningoftheFiniteAccordingtoHalliday,Finitemakesitpossibletonegotiateaboutthevalidityoftheproposition.TheFiniteelementhasthefunctionofmakingthepropositionfinitebycircumscribingitsothatitcanbearguedabout.2.3Theexpressionofmood•i.Declarative:Subject^Finite:TomandNicoleweredrinkingredwinewiththeirmeal.•ii.Yes/NoInterrogative:Finite^Subject:WereTomandNicoledrinkingredwinewiththeirmeal?ⅲ.WH-Interrogative:a.wheretheWH-element(who,what,which)istheSubject:Subject^Finite:Whohastakenallthewine?b.otherwise:Finite^Subject:Whatanepitaphthatwouldmake!ⅳ.Imperative:noSubjectorFinite,residueonly:Drinkredwinewithyourmeal.2.4ThesturctureofResidueTherearethreekindsoffunctionalelementsintheResidue:thePredicator,ComplementsandAdjuncts.TherecanbeonlyonePredicator,oneortwoComplements,andanindefinitenumberofAdjunctsupto,inprinciple,aboutseven.ThePredicatorisexpressedbytherestoftheverbalgroupapartfromtheFinite.SincetheFiniteisnotpartofthePredicator,thePredicatoritselfisnon-finite.e.g:Timstoodforawhilegazingatthecliff.AComplementisanelementintheResidue,typicallyrealizedbyanominalgroup,whichcouldhavebeenchosenasSubject,butwasnot.e.g:Thestrongestshapeisthetriangle.TheroleofAdjunctistypicallybyanadverbialgrouporaprepositionalphrase.AdjunctcannotinthemselvesbechosenasSubject——thisthemaindifferencebetweenAdjunctsandComplements.e.g:Onthefollowingdayhedidnotgooutearly.typeofAdjunctmetafunctionlocationinthemoodstructureCircumstantialexperientialinResidueModalinterpersonalinMoodConjunctivetextualinMoodCommentMoodexamples:1.Haveyoudecidedonacolouryet?2.Thepunctuation,ontheotherhand,isreproducedwithdiplomaticfaithfulness.3.Unfortunately,IdidnotmeetPaulKleethereorlaterinmylife.HeCan’tusuallyhearOnthetelephoneunfortunatelySubjectFiniteMoodAdjunctPredic