生产与运作管理-Training

1生产与运作管理----AnIntroductionDr.JinxingXieDepartmentofMathematicalSciencesTsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084,China~jxieEmail:[e-mail]:(86-10)62787812Fax:[phone]Office:Rm.1202,NewScienceBuilding2OutlineWhatisProd.&OperationsManagement(POM)?–DefinitionofOM–OMvs.OR/MSvs.SS/SEvs.IE/EMTheHeritageofOMWhatOperationsManagersdo?ExcitingNewTrendsinOMResearchMethodsAcademicSocietiesOMRelatedJournals3WhatisOperationsManagement?运作管理就是对公司（或组织）的提供主要产品或服务的系统进行设计、运行、评价和改进。OMisthesetofactivitiesthatcreatesgoodsandservicesbytransforminginputsintooutputs.OMisthebusinessfunctionthatmanagesthatpartofabusinessthattransformsrawmaterialsandhumaninputsintogoodsandservicesofhighervalue.(narrowview)4市场企业战略运作战略财务战略营销战略运作管理人力工厂部件工艺计划与控制系统输入原料顾客输出产品服务生产系统(5P)OM概要模型其他名称：运作管理生产管理；运营管理工业管理；工厂管理5OMvs.OR/MSvs.SS/SEvs.IE/EM运作管理是管理的一个领域（管理职能）OR/MS是各领域在制定决策时都可能遇到的定量方法SS/SE强调的是系统观点、系统方法IE/EM主要关注如何更好地利用企业的资源，解决工程问题（如工业自动化等）OMOR/MSSS/SEIE/EM6TheHeritageofOM1776-1880:早期概念–专业化；标准化零部件1880-1910：科学管理时代–Gantt图；动作/时间研究；过程分析；排队论1910-1980：大批量生产时代–流水线；经济批量；线性规划；PERT/CPM；MRP1980-1995：精益生产时代–JIT；TQM；EDI；CAD/CAM/CAPP1995-：大批量、顾客化生产时代–全球化；信息化（INTERNET；E-Commerce)–敏捷制造；BPR；ERP；主动学习的组织–供应链管理（SCM）；物流(Logistics)成本质量顾客作为学科，OM诞生于50年代末60年代初7GoodsandservicesdesignWhatproductshouldweoffer?Howshouldwedesigntheseproductsandservices?ManagingqualityWhoisresponsibleforquality?Howdowedefinethequalitywewantinourserviceorproduct?ProcessandcapacitydesignWhatprocesswilltheseproductsrequireandinwhatorder?Whatequipmentandtechnologyisnecessaryfortheseprocesses?WhatOperationsManagersdo?(Top10ResearchDirections)8LocationstrategiesWhereshouldweputthefacility?Onwhatcriteriashouldwebasthelocationdecision?LayoutdesignHowshouldwearrangethefacility?Howlargemustthefacilitybetomeetourplan?HumanresourcesandjobdesignHowdoweprovideareasonableworkenvironment?Howmuchcanweexpectouremployeestoproduce?SupplychainmanagementShouldwebuyorproducethecomponent?Whoareoursuppliersandwhocanintegrateintooure-commerceprogram?WhatOperationsManagersdo?(Top10ResearchDirections)9InventorycontrolHowmuchinventoryofeachitemshouldwehave?Whendowereorder?Intermediate,short-term,andprojectschedulingIssubcontractingproductionagoodidea?Arewebetteroffkeepingpeopleonthepayrollduringslowdowns?MaintenanceWhoisresponsibleformaintenance?WhatOperationsManagersdo?(Top10ResearchDirections)10ExcitingNewTrendsinOMLocalornationalfocusGlobalfocus,internationalOMBatch(large)shipmentsJust-in-timeshipmentsLow-bidpurchasingSupplychainpartners,ERP,e-CommerceLengthyproductdevelopmentRapidproductdevelopment,alliancesStandardizedproductsMasscustomizationJobspecializationEmpoweredemployees,teams,andleanproduction11ImportantResearchField-ServiceOperationsManagementIntangibleProducedandconsumedsimultaneouslyUniqueHighcustomerinteractionInconsistentproductdefinitionKnowledge-basedDispersedDifficulttoautomateDifficulttomeasurequality…….12StrategicTacticOperationalLevelsofDecisionQualitativeQuantitativeResearchMethods13ResearchMethodsEmpirical–Casestudy–Survey–Panelstudy–DatabaseTheoreticmodels–Deterministicmodels–UncertaintymodelsSimulationExpertsystem(knowledgemodel)SimulationMotivationandObjectiveExperimentdesignIndependentvariablesDependentvariablesSimulationrunDataanalysisFindingsInsights14建立OR/MS理论模型的一般步骤模型准备模型假设模型构成模型求解模型分析模型检验模型应用Motivation,Formulation,Solution,Validation15Dedicated–INFORMS(AmeagerofORSAandTIMS)Inparticular,MSOM(ManufacturingandServiceOM)–POM(ProductionandOperationsManagementSociety)–EUROMA(EuropeanOperationsManagementAssociation)Related–AcademyofManagement–DSI(DecisionSciencesInstitute)–APICS(AmericanProductionandInventoryControlSociety)–IIE(InstituteofIndustrialEngineering)–EURO(EuropeanOperationalResearchSociety)–……AcademicSocieties16EstablishedMarch1999,NewestwithinINFORMSMembership:950,LargestwithinINFORMSSocietyWebpage:ThemethodswhichMSOMmembersapplyinordertohelptheoperationsfunctionaddvaluetoproductsandservicesarederivedfromawiderangeofscientificfields,includingoperationsresearchandmanagementscience,mathematics,economics,statistics,informationsystemsandartificialintelligence.ManufacturingandServiceOperationsManagementSociety17SourceofReferencesTopjournal:OperationsResearch(OR);ManagementScience(MS)Quasi-Topjournal:ManufacturingandServiceOperationsManagement(MSOM)IIETransactions(IIET)NavalResearchLogistics(NRL)MathematicsofOperationsResearch(MOR)Journalofoperationsmanagement(JOM)OperationsResearchLetters(ORL)Majorjournal:EuropeanJournalofOperationalResearch(EJOR)ProductionandOperationsManagement(POM)InternationalJournalofProductionResearch(IJPR)InternationalJournalofProductionEconomics(IJPE)JournaloftheOperationalResearchSociety(JORS)COR(Computers&OR);CIE(Computers&IE)ProductionPlanandControl(PPC)…18OMRelatedJournalsJOM(J.ofOM)IJOPM(Int.J.Op.Prod.Mgmt.)POM(Prod.&OM)IJPR(Int.J.ofProd.Research)IJPE(Int.J.ofProd.Economics)PIMJ(Prod.Invent.Mgmt.J.)MS（Ma