中冶昆庭物业管理公司招标书

生产与运作管理ProductionandOperationsManagement第二章设施设计DesignofFacilities2第二章设施与作业设计（DesignofFacilitiesandJobs）设施位置选择（FacilityLocation）设施布置（FacilityLayout）*作业设计（JobDesign）3第一节设施位置选择（FacilityLocation）设施位置决策（Decision）设施位置选择的因素（Considerations）设施位置分析方法（Methods）4InGeneral-LocationDecisionsLong-termdecisionsDifficulttoreverseAffectfixed&variablecosts–Transportationcost»Asmuchas25%ofproductprice–Othercosts:Taxes,wages,rentetc.Objective:Maximizebenefitoflocationtofirm5IndustrialLocationDecisionsCostfocus–RevenuevarieslittlebetweenlocationsLocationisamajorcostfactor–Affectsshipping&productioncosts(e.g.,labor)–Costsvarygreatlybetweenlocations6ServiceLocationDecisionsRevenuefocus–CostsvarylittlebetweenmarketareasLocationisamajorrevenuefactor–Affectsamountofcustomercontact–Affectsvolumeofbusiness7LocationDecisionSequenceCountryRegion/CommunitySite8FactorsAffectingLocation资源（人力、原材料、能源、资本、土地的价格及其供应状况）运输（费用及其设施状况）市场（需求量、结构、竞争、价格、顾客分布及其需求特点）建筑（费用及其条件）；税收、保险（种类、政策及其水平）；自然条件（气候、地理位置、地质状况）；经济条件（基础设施、生活质量）；社会条件（文化习俗、公众态度）；政治条件（政府政策及其态度、政治稳定）。9LocationEvaluationMethodsFactor-ratingmethodLocationalbreak-evenanalysisCenterofgravitymethodTransportationmodel10Factor-RatingMethodMostwidelyusedlocationtechniqueUsefulforservice&industriallocationsRateslocationsusingfactors–Intangible(qualitative)factors»Example:Educationquality,laborskills–Tangible(quantitative)factors»Example:Short-run&long-runcosts11Example：FactorRatingMethodScores(outof100)WeightedScoresFranceDenmarkFranceDenmarkLaboravailabilityandattitude0.25706017.5015.00People-to-carratio0.0550602.503.00Percapitalincome0.1085808.508.00Taxstructure0.39757029.2527.30Educationandhealth0.21607012.6014.70Totals1.0070.3568.00FactorWeight12Methodofcost-volumeanalysisusedforindustriallocationsSteps–Determinefixed&variablecostsforeachlocation–Plottotalcostforeachlocation–Selectlocationwithlowesttotalcostforexpectedproductionvolume»Mustbeabovebreak-evenLocationalBreak-EvenAnalysis13LocationalBreak-EvenAnalysisExampleYou’reananalystforACDelco.You’reconsideringanewmanufacturingplantinAkron,BowlingGreen,orChicago.Fixedcostsperyearare$30k,$60k,&$110krespectively.Variablecostspercaseare$75,$45,&$25respectively.Thepricepercaseis$120.Whatisthebestlocationforanexpectedvolumeof2,000casesperyear?14LocationalBreak-EvenCrossoverChart050000100000150000200000050010001500200025003000VolumeAnnualCostAkronlowestcostBowlingGreenlowestcostChicagolowestcost15CenterofGravityMethodFindslocationofsingledistributioncenterservingseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforservicesConsiders–Locationofexistingdestinations»Example:Markets,retailersetc.–Volumetobeshipped–Shippingdistance(orcost)»Shippingcost/unit/mileisconstant16CenterofGravityMethodStepsPlaceexistinglocationsonacoordinategrid–Gridhasarbitraryorigin&scale–MaintainsrelativedistancesCalculatex&ycoordinatesfor‘centerofgravity’–Giveslocationofdistributioncenter–Minimizestransportationcost17iiidQyxC),(miniiiyyxxd22iiiyyxxd22iiiyyxxdMinimizestransportationcost18iiiiiiiiiiQyQyQxQx,22iiiyyxxdCenterofgravity19Examplexy(x*,y*)2000100010002000x*=66.7y*=93.320TransportationModelFindsamounttobeshippedfromseveralsourcestoseveraldestinationsUsedprimarilyforindustriallocationsTypeoflinearprogrammingmodel–Objective:Minimizetotalproduction&shippingcosts–Constraints»Productioncapacityatsource(factory)»Demandrequirementatdestination21Example：TransportationModel生产单位D1D2D3D4D5能力生产费用现S1181612285446270有S2244036304220265厂S3201216484434275备S440403523120262选S557706431320270厂S65050461419202603018201537生产D1D2D3D4D5能力现S128828628229832446有S228930530129530720厂S329528729132331934备S432734033430127320选S530230229726429320厂S6310310306274279203018201537需求需求单位运输费用从至从至单位运输费用22在S4的最优结果单位费用D1D2D3D4D5S1288286282298324S2289305301295307S3295287291323319S4327340334301273运输量D1D2D3D4D5生产能力S1140201204646S20003172020S316180003434S400002020203018201537120需求3018201537120Minz=3469823在S5的最优结果单位费用D1D2D3D4D5S1288286282298324S2289305301295307S3295287291323319S5302302297264293运输量D1D2D3D4D5生产能力S126020004646S20000202020S341800123434S500015520203018201537120需求3018201537120Minz=3486724在S6的最优结果单位费用D1D2D3D4D5S1288286282298324S2289305301295307S3295287291323319S6310310306274279运输量D1D2D3D4D5生产能力S1140201204646S20003172020S316180003434S600002020203018201537120需求3018201537120Minz=3481825最优厂址S4——34698S5——34867S6——34818S4：最优厂址26第二节设施布置（FacilityLayout）布置的目标(Objectives)布置的类型(Type)布置的方法(Methods)27WhatisFacilityLayoutLocationorarrangementofeverythingwithin&aroundbuildingsObjectivesaretomaximize–Customersatisfaction–Utilizationofspace,equipment,&people–Efficientflowofinformation,material,&people–Employeemorale&safety28ConstraintsonLayoutObjectivesProductdesign&volumeProcessequipment&capacityQualityofworklifeBuildingandsite29重新布置的具体原因(Reasons)（１）低效率的作业（例如，高费用、瓶颈）。（２）安全事故或危险。（３）新产品或服务的引进。（４）产品或服务设计的变化。（５）新工艺的引进，原有工艺的改进。（６）产量或产品组合的变化（７）方法或设备的变化。（８）环境或其他法规要求的变化。（9）士气问题（例如，缺乏面对面的接触）。30布置的基本类型(BasicTypeofLayouts)Process-orientedlayout–dealswithlo