EPA SEA 战略环境评估

[e-mail]•whatSEAisandwhyitisneeded•howitcanbeusedasaplanningtool•howitlinkstosustainabledevelopmentandprojectenvironmentalimpactassessment•limitationsofSEA•whereSEAisbeingused.WhatisSEATherearemanydefinitionsofstrategicenvironmentalassessment(SEA).SadlerandVerheem(1996)callit:asystematicprocessforevaluatingtheenvironmentalconsequencesofproposedpolicy,planorprogrammeinitiativesinordertoensuretheyarefullyincludedandappropriatelyaddressedattheearliestappropriatestageofdecisionmakingonparwitheconomicandsocialconsiderations.Theriveletal.(1992)defineitas:theformalised,systematicandcomprehensiveprocessofevaluatingtheenvironmentaleffectsofapolicy,planorprogrammeanditsalternatives,includingthepreparationofawrittenreportonthefindingsofthatevaluation,andusingthefindingsinpubliclyaccountabledecision-making.PerhapsthesimplestdefinitionofSEAisthatitistheenvironmentalimpactassessmentprocessappliedtopolicies,plansandprogrammes,keepinginmindthattheprocessofevaluatingenvironmentalimpactsatastrategiclevelisnotnecessarilythesameasevaluatingthemataprojectlevel.•SEAismeanttobeacontinuoussourceofenvironmentalinformationthroughoutallthestagesofdecision-making,asshownbelow.•Notethatthestagesdonotnecessarilyfollowsoneanother:–forinstance,theidentificationofalternativesmayshowthatotheraspectsoftheenvironmentalbaselineneedtobeanalysed.StagesinSEAPlan-makingstageSEAstagePurposeofSEAstageEarlyintheplan-makingprocessDecidewhetherSEAisneeded“Screening”ContextsettingDescribetheenvironmentalandpolicycontextthataffectstheplanEstablishhowtheplanisaffectedbyoutsidefactors,provideanevidencebaseforimpactpredictionandmonitoring;helpfocustheSEAandstreamliningsubsequentstages;suggestideasforhowanyconstraintscanbeaddressedandhelptodeveloptheSEAframeworkIdentifyotherrelevantplans,programmesandenvironmentalprotectionobjectivesProvideameansbywhichtheenvironmentalperformanceoftheplanandalternativescanbeassessCollectbaselineinformation.EarlyconsultationsaboutscopeofSEAEnsurethattheSEAcoversthelikelysignificantenvironmentaleffectsoftheplan.Plan-makingstageSEAstagePurposeofSEAstageAstheplanevolvesAssessmentandmitigationPlanobjectives:testtheplanobjectivesagainsttheSEAframework;suggestmitigationIdentifypotentialsynergiesorinconsistenciesbetweentheplanobjectivesandSEAobjectivesandhelpindevelopingplanalternatives.Planalternatives:informthedevelopmentofplanalternativesandtesttheplanalternativesagainsttheSEAframeworksuggestmitigation.Developandrefineplanalternatives;predictthesignificantenvironmentaleffectsoftheplanalternatives;andhelpinchoosingthepreferredoption.Draftplan:testthedraftplan(preferredoption)againsttheSEAframeworksuggestmitigationPredictthesignificantenvironmentaleffectoftheplanincludingalternativesConsultation:preparingtheSEAreport,includingproposingmonitoringmeasuresPresentthepredictedenvironmentaleffectsoftheplanincludingalternativesGivepublicandothersopportunitytoexpressopinionsPlan-makingstageSEAstagePurposeofSEAstageAfterplanDocumentationandmonitoringProvideinformationonhowtheSEAreportandconsulteesopinionsweretakenintoaccountindecidingthefinalformoftheplanAdoptionProvideinformationondecisionsTracktheenvironmentaleffectsoftheplantoshowwhethertheyareaspredicted;andhelptoidentifyadverseeffects.DevelopaimsandmethodsformonitoringSEAprocessAsaveryminimum,theSEAprocessinvolves:•predictingtheenvironmentalimpactsofastrategicaction;and•usingthosepredictionsindecision-making.Ifthosetwobasiccriteriaarenotfulfilled,itisnotanSEA.StrategicassessmentSeveralothertermsarealsousedtorefertoenvironmentalassessmentatthestrategiclevel,including:•policyenvironmentalassessment;•policyimpactassessment;•sectoralenvironmentalassessment;and•programmaticenvironmentalimpactstatement.ThetermSEAreportreferstoareportthatdescribesthemethodsandfindingsoftheSEAprocess.PreparationofanSEAreportispartofmostSEAprocesses.WhatistheaimofSEA?ThemainaimofSEAistoincorporateenvironmental/sustainabilityissuesinstrategicdecision-making.SecondaryaimsofSEAareto:•improvethestrategicactionbymakingitclearer,moreinternallyconsistentetc;•involvethepublicoritsrepresentativesinthedecision-makingprocess;and•educatedecision-makersabouttheenvironmentalimpactsoftheirdecisions.PPPsandTiering•SEAnormallyappliestopublicsector(government)decisions.The(government)bodythatmakesthedecisioniscalledthecompetentauthority.•SEAscanbeproducedbythecompetentauthority,independentconsultants,non-governmentorganisations(NGOs),othergovernmentbodiesoracombinationofthese,butitisthecompetentautoritythatmakesdecisionsonthestrategicaction.•Althoughpolicies,plansandprogrammes(PPPs)aregenerallyalldescribedasstrategicactions,theyarenotthesamethings,andmayrequiredifferentlevelsandtypesofanalysisinSEA.policyInspirationandguidanceforactionwhetherornottopromotethedevelopmentofnuclearpowerincountryAwhethertoinstituteacarbonorCO2taxwhethertopromotegeneticallymodifiedorganismsincountryA'sagriculturePlansetofcoordinatedandtimedobjectivesfortheimplementationofthepolicyHowmu