搜索
1Unit22EnvironmentalProtectionSectionⅠWarmup&Lesson1课时语法精讲KESHIYUFAJINGJIANG[语法·预备役]用括号里动词的正确形式完成下面的句子1．Recentreportswarnedthatglobalwarming________terribleclimatechanges.(cause)答案：willcause2．ScientistsfoundthatthetemperatureoftheEarth________bygreenhousegases.(control)答案：iscontrolled3．Expertsadvocatethateachperson________theirpart.(play)答案：play4．Oneday,scientistsbelievethathumanbeings________freelyinspace.(travel)答案：willtravel5．Theteachersaidthattwoplustwo________four.(be)答案：is[语法·讲座]直接引语和间接引语1．定义：我们转述别人的话时，可以引用别人的原话，被引用的部分称为直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的意思，被转述的部分称为间接引语。间接引语多构成宾语从句。2．直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则(1)人称的变化直接引语中的代词变为间接引语时，要根据句意、情景进行变化。Shesaid“Iambusy.”→Shesaidthatshewasbusy.她说她很忙。Heoftensays,“I'lldogoodformycountry.”→Heoftensayshewilldogoodforhiscountry.他常说他将为国家做有益的事情。⊙强化印证1把下列直接引语变为间接引语21．Shesaid，“Mybrotherwantstogowithme.”→____________________________________________答案：Shesaidherbrotherwantedtogowithher.2．HesaidtoKate,“Whereisyoursisternow？”→______________________________________________答案：HeaskedKatewherehersisterwasthen.3．Mr.Smithsaid,“Jackisagoodworker.”→______________________________________________答案：Mr.SmithsaidJackwasagoodworker.4．Johnsaid,“I'mgoingtoLondonwithmyfather.”→______________________________________________答案：JohnsaidthathewasgoingtoLondonwithhisfather.5．“Youshouldpaymoreattentiontoyourpronunciation，”theteachersaid.→______________________________________________答案：TheteachersaidthatIshouldpaymoreattentiontomypronunciation.(2)动词时态的变化当主句动词为一般过去时态时，间接引语中的谓语动词按照时态一致的原则，通常要由原时态向过去推一步。列表如下：直接引语间接引语动词时态一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时(不变)一般将来时过去将来时直接引语变间接引语时态不变的几种情况：①当直接引语表示真理或客观事实时，时态不变。“Theearthmovesaroundthesun.”theteachersaid.→Theteachersaidtheearthmovesaroundthesun.②当直接引语动词表示的状态或动作仍在继续时，时态不变。“I'mastudentofSeniorThree.”theboysaid.→TheboyansweredthatheisastudentofSeniorThree.③当直接引语陈述的是一种目前还反复出现或习惯性的动作时，时态不变。3“Igetupatsixo'clockeverymorning.”hesaid.→Hesaidhegetsupatsixo'clockeverymorning.④如果直接引语中有明确的过去时间状语时，时态不变。“Iwasbornin1984.”saidtheboy.→Theboysaidhewasbornin1984.⑤直接引语中的谓语动词时态是过去完成时，时态不变。“IhadtaughtfortenyearsbeforeIbegantowrite.”saidthewriter.→Thewritersaidshe/hehadtaughtfortenyearsbeforeshe/hebegantowrite.⊙强化印证2把下列直接引语变为间接引语1．Shesaid，“Ihavelostapen.”→______________________________________________答案：Shesaidshehadlostapen.2．Shesaid，“Wehopeso.”→______________________________________________答案：Shesaidtheyhopedso.3．Shesaid,“Hewillgotoseehisfriend.”→______________________________________________答案：Shesaidhewouldgotoseehisfriend.4．“Theearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth，”theteachertoldme.→________________________________________________答案：Theteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth.5．Jacksaid，“John,wherewereyougoingwhenImetyouinthestreet？”→______________________________________________答案：JackaskedJohnwherehewasgoingwhenhemethiminthestreet.(3)其他变化在直接引语变为间接引语时，往往由于情景发生了变化，还常随之出现指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、动词的变化。列表如下：在直接引语中在间接引语中指示代词thisthesethatthose时间状语nowthen4todayyesterdaylastweektomorrownextyeartwodaysagothatdaythedaybeforetheweekbeforethenextdaythenextyeartwodaysbefore地点状语herethere动词变化can/maymustcomebringcould/mightmust/hadtogotake⊙强化印证3把下列直接引语变为间接引语1．Hesaid，“Thesebooksaremine.”→______________________________________________答案：Hesaidthosebookswerehis.2．Hesaid，“Pleaseshowmethisone.”→______________________________________________答案：Heaskedmetoshowhimthatone.3．“We'llleaveheretomorrow，”hesaid.→______________________________________________答案：Hesaidthattheywouldleavetherethenextday.4．Heasked，“Howdidthesedifferencescomeabout？”→______________________________________________答案：Heaskedhowthosedifferenceshadcomeabout.5．“Whatisadventuretravel？”heasked.→______________________________________________答案：Heaskedwhatadventuretravelwas.3．直接引语和间接引语不同句型的转化(1)直接引语为陈述句，转化为间接引语时变成由that引导的宾语从句，that可以省略。①“IoncewenttoJapanforavisit，”Mrs.Duncansaidtome.→Mrs.Duncantoldme(that)sheoncehadgonetoJapanforavisit.Duncan夫人对我说她曾经去日本参观过。5②“IshalltellhimexactlywhatIthink，”shesaid.→Shesaid(that)shewouldtellhimexactlywhatshethought.她说她将会告诉他所有她所想的。(2)直接引语为一般疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语改为由if/whether引导的宾语从句。①Hesaid，“Haveyoufinishedthetask？”→Heasked(me)ifIhadfinishedthetask.他问(我)是否完成了那项任务。②Hesaid，“Didyougotothecinematoseethenewfilm？”→Heasked(me)whetherIhadbeentothecinematoseethenewfilm.他问(我)是否去电影院看那部新电影了。(3)直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语用特殊疑问句本身所带的疑问词，如when,where,who,why,how,howmany,howold等。①Sheaskedme,“Whendotheyhavetheirdinner？”→Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner.她问我他们什么时候吃饭。②“Howcanweimprovetheconditionofthesoil？”thefarmersaskedhim.→Thefarmersaskedhimhowtheycouldimprovetheconditionofthesoil.农民们问他如何才能改善土壤的质量。(4)直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语要将祈使句的谓语动词改为不定式作句子的宾语补足语。Shesaidtous,“Pleasesitdown.”→Sheaskedustositdown.她要求我们坐下。注意：主句的谓语动词有时要根据直接引语的情态和语气作相应的变化，如：say说；tell告诉；ask问；suggest建议；order命令等。⊙强化印证4把下列直接引语变为间接引语1．Shesaid,“Ourbuswillarriveinfiveminutes.”→______________________________________________答案：Shesaidthattheirbuswouldarriveinfiveminutes.2．Hesaid，“Canyouswim,John？”→______________________________________________答案：HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim.63．“Y