系统解剖-泌尿系统-英文版.Urinary-System

UrinarySystem泌尿系统UrinarySystem泌尿系统★CompositionKidney肾－formurineUreter输尿管－conducturinefromkidneystobladderUrinarybladder膀胱－receivesandstoresurineUrethra尿道－conductsurinefrombladdertoexteriorofbody(discharged)Kidney肾★GeneralfeaturesBeanshaped,reddish-brownorgansSuperiorextremity－broadandthinInferiorextremity－narrowandthickAnteriorsurface－convexPosteriorsurface－flatLateralborder－convexKidney肾Medialborder－concave★Renalhilum肾门－averticalslitonthemedialborderofkidney★Renalpedicle肾蒂－thestructureswhichenterandleavetherenalhilum，includingtherenalvein,renalartery,renalpelvis,lymphaticvesselsandnervesOrderofstructuresintherenalpedicleFromanteriortoposterior－renalV,renalA,renalpelvis.Fromsuperiortoinferior－renalA.renalV.renalpelvis.Kidney肾★Renalsinus肾窦TherenalhilumextendsintoalargecavitywithinthekidneyContents:Occupiedbytherenalvessels,minorrenalcalices,majorrenalcalices,renalpelvisandsomeadiposetissuekidney★Renalstructure肾的结构Renalcortex肾皮质renalcolumns肾柱Renalmedulla肾髓质Renalpyramids肾锥体(15～20)Renalpapilla肾乳头Papillaryforamina乳头孔Minorrenalcalices肾小盏(7－8)Majorrenalcalices肾大盏(2～3)Renalpelvis肾盂Renalcortexconsistofrenalunits，whichproducestheurinekidney★CoveringsofkidneyFibrouscapsule纤维囊Fattyrenalcapsule脂肪囊Renalfascia肾筋膜kidneyCoveringsofkidneyFibrouscapsule纤维囊AstrongfibrouscapsulewhichstripseasilyfromanormalkidneysurfacebutadheresfirmlytoanorganthathasbeeninflamedkidneyFattyrenalcapsule脂肪囊Athickadiposeconnectivetissuecapsule,surroundsthefibrouscapsuleItactsasashockabsorbertoprotectthekidneyfromjoltingandjarringRenalfascia肾筋膜Onoutside,surroundsboththekidneyandsuprarenalglandHoldingtheseorgansinplacekidney★PositionofKidneyLiebehindtheperitoneum,highupontheposteriorabdominalwalloneithersideofthevertebralcolumnUpperpolenearertomediaplanthanlowerpoleKidneyLeftkidneyLiesatthelevelfromthelowerborderofT11tointervertebraldiscbetweenL2-L3The12thribisbehinditsmiddlepartofthepostsurfaceRightkidneyLiesslightlylowerthantheleftkidney,atthelevelfromtheupperborderofT12toL3The12thribisbehinditsupperpartofthepostsurfaceRenalhilumAtthelevelofL1About5cmfromtheposteriormedianline★RenalregionTheareabetween12thribandthelateralmarginoferectorspinaeRenalsegments肾段Thekidneyisdividedintofivevascularsegmentsandeachissuppliedbyabranchoftherenalartery;betweenthesegmentsthereisnoanastomosis.RenalsegmentsSuperiorsegmentSuperioranteriorsegmentInferioranteriorsegmentInferiorsegmentPosteriorsegmentResincorrosioncastofhumankidneys.Ureter,pelvisandcalycesareyellow;aorta,renalarteriesandtheirbranchesarered.CoronalmultisliceCTscansoftherightandleftsuprarenalglands.CTrenalvenogram.AcquiredfromamultisliceCTexaminationandreconstructedasa3Dsurfaceshadedreformat.VariationsRenalcalculus(stoneinthekindey)肾功能衰竭kidneyfailure尿毒症uremia/toxuria肾移植kidneytransplantationUreters输尿管Musculartube,about20-30cmlongand0.5-1.0cmwide(diameter)★DivisionsAbdominalpart输尿管腹部－descendonthepsoasmajorbehindtheperitoneumPelvicpart输尿管盆部－infemales,passes2cmlateraltotheneckofuterusandliesbelowtheuterinearteryIntramuralpart输尿管壁内段－passesobliquelythroughthebladderwallfor1.5cmlongUreters输尿管★Threeconstrictions1stconstriction:atpelvouretericjunction2ndconstriction:whereuretercrossesthepelvicinletandiliacvessels3rdconstriction:atintramuralpartMultisliceCTurogram.Coronalreformatshowingtheenhancingrenalparenchymaandbothuretersalongtheirentirelength.MultisliceCTurogram.3D-surfaceshadedreformatshowingthekidneys,ureters,bladderandsurroundingbonyanatomy.StoneinureterUrinarybladder膀胱★Generalfeatures－pyramidalinshapewhenempty,havingApex膀胱尖Fundus膀胱底Bodyofbladder膀胱体Neck膀胱颈Normalvolumofbladderadult：350-500mlmaxium：800mlnewborn：1／10ofadultUrinarybladder膀胱★Trigoneofbladder膀胱三角SmoothtriangularareaatinnersurfaceofthefundsofbladderFormedbyinternalurethralorificeanteriorlyandtwouretericorificeslaterallyInthisareaabsentssubmucosallayer,wherethemucousmembraneisfirmlyadherenttothemuscularcoat,andisalwayssmooth★Interuretericfold输尿管间襞MuscularelevationBetweenuretericorifices.Urinarybladder膀胱★PositionIntheadult,itliesinthelesserpelvis,behindthepubicsymphysis,infrontofseminalvesicle,ampullaductusdeferentisandrectuminthemale,andinfrontofuterusandvaginainthefemale.IntheyoungchildtheemptybladderprojectsabovethepelvicinletUrethra尿道★FemaleurethraRelativelyshorter(about3-5cmlong),widerandstraightInternalorificeofurethra尿道内口Externalorificeofurethra尿道外口：opensintovaginalvestibule