英语演讲选修课Chapter-10-informative

Chapter10InformativeSpeechHotairunfoundedassertionsbolsterbackupBriefextended:illustrations,narratives,anecdoteshypothetical:ClarifyreinforcepersonalizevividrichlytexturedTestimony:expertpeerexpertciteparaphraseunbiasedStatistics:tossintosparinglyInformativespeech:aspeechdesignedtoconveyknowledgeandunderstandingToenhancetheknowledgeandunderstandingofyourlisteners---togivetheminformationtheydidnothavebeforeConveyclearlyaccuratelyinterestinglyScheduleSpeechesaboutobjects实物Speechesaboutprocesses过程Speechesaboutevents事件Speechesaboutconcepts概念★GuidelinesforinformativespeakingSamplespeechwithcommentaryOrganizationalmethodsChronologicalorder编年顺序Spatialorder空间顺序Topicalorder主题顺序CausalorderProblem-solutionorderSpeechesaboutobjectsObject:anythingthatisvisible,tangibleandstableinformObjectmayhavehavingpartsortobealive,theymayincludeplaces,structures,animals,orevenpeopleThreeorganizationalmethods:chronological,topical,spatialExplainevolutiontimepatternDescribemainfeaturesSpecificpurpose:ToinformmyaudienceaboutthemajorachievementsofFrederickDouglassCentralidea:Althoughborninslavery,FrederickDouglassbecameoneofthegreatestfiguresinAmericanhistory.Mainpoints:I.Douglassspentthefirst20yearsofhislifeasslaveinMaryland.II.AfterescapingtotheNorth,DouglassbecamealeaderintheabolitionistmovementtoendslaveryIII.DuringtheCivilWar,DouglasshelpedestablishblackregimentsintheUnionArmy.IV.Afterthewar,Douglasswasatirelesschampionofequalrightsforhisrace.Spatialorderspatialorder:Amethodofspeechorganizationinwhichthemainpointsfollowadirectionalpattern.Itisusedwhenyourspecificpurposeistodescribethemainfeaturesofyoursubject.Specificpurpose:ToinformmyaudienceaboutthemajorlandregionsinSpainCentralidea:TherearefivemajorlandregionsinSpain.Mainpoints:I.TheNorthernpart…II.Thewestern…III.Thecentral…IV.Theeastern…V.TheSouthernpart…TopicalorderTopicalorder:Amethodofspeechorganizationinwhichthemainpointsdividethetopicintologicalandconsistentsubtopics.Example:Specificpurpose:Toinformmyaudienceaboutthemajoralternative-fuelcarsnowbeingdeveloped.Centralidea:Themajoralternative-fuelcarsnowbeingdevelopedarepoweredbyelectricity,naturalgas,methanol,orhydrogen.Mainpoints:I.onekindofalternative-fuelcarispoweredbyelectricity.II.Asecondkindofalternative-fuelcarispoweredbynaturalgas.III.Athirdkindofalternative-fuelcarispoweredbymethanol.IV.Afourthkindofalternative-fuelcarispoweredbyhydrogen.OthermethodsofspeechorganizationCausalorder:Ashowacause-effectrelationship.methodofspeechorganizationinwhichthemainpointsProblem-solutionorder:Amethodofspeechorganizationinwhichthefirstmainpointdealswiththeexistenceofaproblemandthesecondmainpointpresentsasolutiontotheproblem.(Problem-cause-solutionorder)SpeechesaboutprocessProcess:Asystematicseriesofactionsthatleadstoaspecificresultorproduct.Speechesofprocessexplainhowsomethingismade,howsomethingisdone,orhowsomethingworks.Example(chronologicalorder):Specificpurpose:ToinformmyaudienceaboutthemajorstepsintheclassicJapaneseteaceremony.Centralidea:TherearefivemajorstepsintheclassicJapanesetea.Mainpoints:I.First,theguestsapproachtheteahouse,takingtimesonthewaytopurifytheirhands.II.Second,theguestsentertheteahouse,admirethehangingscrollandthevasewithaflowerarrangement,andseatthemselves.III.Third,theteamasterpreparesabowlofteaforeachguest,followingtheprescribedritual.IV.Fourth,eachguestinturntakesexactlythreeandahalfsipsoftea.V.Fifth,theguestsadmiretheteaimplements,admiretheinterioroftheteahouse,anddepart.Example(topicalorder):Specificpurpose:Toinformmyaudienceaboutthecommonmethodsusedbystagemagicianstoperformtheirtricks.Centralidea:Stagemagiciansusetwocommonmethodstoperformtheirtricks---mechanicaldevicesandsleightofhand.Mainpoints:I.Manymagictricksrelyonmechanicaldevicesthatmayrequirelittleskillbythemagician.II.Othermagictricksdependonthemagician’sskillinfoolingpeoplebysleight-of-handmanipulation.3.SpeechesabouteventsEvent:Anythingthathappensorisregardedashappening.chronologicalorder----torecountthehistoryofanevent,causalorder----toexplainthecausesandeffectsExample(chronologicalorder):Specificpurpose:Toinformmyaudienceaboutthehistoryofthedisabilityrightsmovement.Centralidea:Thedisabilityrightsmovementhasmademajorstridesduringthepast40years.Mainpoints:I.ThedisabilityrightsmovementbeganinBerkeley,California,duringthemid-1960s..II.Themovementhasachieveditsfirstmajorvictoryin1973withpassageofthefederalRehabilitationAct.III.Themovementreachedanothermilestonein1990whenCongressapprovedtheAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct.IV.TodaythemovementisspreadingtocountriesbeyondtheU.S.Example(causalorder):Specificpurpose:Toinformmyaudiencewhysomanyliveswerelostwhenthe‘unsinkable’oceanlinerTitanicsankCentralidea:InabilitytoremovethepassengersandcrewfromthedoomedTitaniccausedthedeathofmorethantwo-thirdsofthoseonboard.I.Thereweretwomajorcausesforthegreatlossoflifewhentheshipwentdown.A.TheTitaniccarriedinsufficientlifeboatsforthenumberofpeopleonboard.B.OntheshipCalifornia,whichwasnearby,theradiooperatorhadshutdow