PPT(Move-two-establishing-a-niche)

:establishinganiche作者姚克勤1870831•Introductionisdesignedtoattractthereaderattention.Itususllyprovidesthebackgroundoftheresearch,highlightsthepresentresearchbyrelatingittootherstudies,givesabriefsketchofthehistoryoftheresearch(i.e.whatisalreadyknown),andexplainsthereasonfortheresearch(probablybystatingtheimportanceoftheresearch).•Researcharticlesintroductionshavetheirownfeatures.Inthecourseofwriting,theauthorneedstore-establishthesignificanceoftheresearchfielditself,tosituatethereportedresearchintermsofthesignificanceandtoshowhowthisresearchpositionmaybeoccupiedanddefended.Regardlessoftheirlength,RAintroductionsgenerallyfollowacertainstructuralorganizationwhichmaybesummarizedinthelightofa3-Movemodel(Swales,1990).2•Thereareusuallythreemainpartsintheintroduction.ThemostusefuldescriptionisgivenbySwales(1990,pp.137-165)3Move1•Showthatthegeneralresearchareaisimportant,central,interesting,problematic,orrelevantinsomeway.•Introduceandreviewitemsofpreviousresearchinthearea.Move2•Indicateagapinthepreviousresearchbyraisingaquestionaboutit,orextendingpreviousknowledgeinsomeway.Move3•Outlinepurposesorstatingthenatureofthepresentresearch.4•1.Thedevelopmentof...hasledtothehopethat....•2.The...hasbecomeafavouritetopicforanalysis....•3.Thestudyof...hasbecomeanimportantaspectof....•4.Acentralissuein...is....•5.The...hasbeenextensivelystudiedinrecentyears5•Theresearchhastendedtofocuson...,ratherthanon....•Thesestudieshaveemphasised...,asopposedto....•Althoughconsiderableresearchhasbeendevotedto...,ratherlessattentionhasbeenpaidto....•Thepreviousresearch...hasconcentratedon....•Moststudieshavebeencontentto....•Sofar,investigationshavebeenconfinedto...6•Inmanyways,Move2isthekeymoveinIntroductions.ItconnectsMove1(whathasbeendone)toMove3(whatthepresentresearchwilldo).Move2thusestablishesthereasonforthestudy.BytheendofMove2,thereadershouldhaveagoodideaofwhatisgoingtocomeinMove3.•Move2sestablishanichebyindicatingagap.Probablythemostcommonwaytoindicateagapistouseanegativesubject.Presumably,negativesubjectsarechosenbecausetheysignalimmediatelytothereaderthatMove1hascometoanend.7•Thisstudywasdesignedto...•Inthispaper,wegiveresultsof...•Inthispaper,wearguethat....•Thispaperarguesthat....•Wehaveorganisetherestofthispaperinthefollowingway....8•Move2usuallystatswithanadversativesentenceconnectors(suchashowever,yet,unfortunately).ThestepoptionsinMove2aresignaledlexicallybytheverb(suchassuffer,islimitedto)oradjectivephrases(suchastimeconsuming,expensive),ornegativequantifiers（suchasno,little,few,neither）.•Step1ACounter-claiming,or•Step1BIndicatingagap,or•Step1CQuestion-raising,or•Step1DContinuingatradition9•Introduction•eg.However,Cooper(1985)andAnthony(1999)haveusedarelativelysmallercorpus(12researcharticles)andthefocusofPosteguillo(1995,1996&1999);Posteguilloetal.(1998)andAnthony(2001&2002)hasbeenontheoverallschematicstructureofresearcharticles,titlesandabstracts,whereasShehzad’s(2006)focusisonMoveOneandShehzad(2007)concentrateson“indicatingthestructure”partoftheintroduction.Furthermore,noneofthesescholarshasinvestigatedindetailMoveTwo:“Establishinganiche”(indicatingagapinthepreviousresearchorextendingpreviousknowledgeinsomeway)ofthe“CreateAResearchSpace”(CARS)modelwhenwritingtheintroductionofaresearcharticle/paper,whichisoftenthoughttobeobligatoryinmajorresearcharticles(Swales&Feak,1994&2004),indetail.10•However,Cooper(1985)…hasbeenontheoverallschematicstructureofresearcharticles,titlesandabstractsthatradicaldesignchangeshavebecomenecessary.Step1ACounter-claiming•However,Cooper(1985)…hasbeenontheoverallschematicstructureofresearcharticles,titlesandabstractsStep1BIndicatingagap•However,itisnotclearwhethertheuseof…canbemodifiedtoruduceschematicstructuretoacceptablelevels.Step1CQuestion-raising•TheremainingissueistofindawayofbettercontrollingschematicstructureStep1DContinuingatradition11•Move2isthekeymoveasitisthehingethatconnectsMove1toMove3–i.e.,“whathasbeendone”to“whatthepresentresearchisabout”.Itfunctionsasa“mini-critique”andoftenconsistsofnotmorethanasentence.Byindicatingaknowledgegap,thewriterbuildsupa“demand”forthecurrentcontribution.“Essentiallythegaprepresentsanunresolvedquestionthatthecurrentcontributionseekstosolve”(Lindeberg,2004:89).ThepresentstudyaimstobringforwarddifferentwaysthroughwhichthismoveisrealizedinCSresearcharticlesforacomprehensiveunderstandingofComputerscientists’rhetoricalstylerather12•Hence,inthepresentpaperauthordealwiththepertinentquestionofhowComputerscientistsmakeuseofgapstatementstobuildupaconvincingargumentinthe“tightlycontested”genreofresearcharticle.•ThisarticleUSES41examplestoillustratethisissue.13QuantifiersHitsGapStatementsPercentagesLimited281760.71%Few16425%Little9666.66%TOTAL442761.36%LinguisticindicatorHitsOccurrenceasgapPercentageThemostdominantConjunctions1486241.89%HoweverQuantifier442761.36%LimitedContrastivestatements481531.25%AlthoughNegatives10880%Noneof14•WithrapiddevelopmentsinCSresearch,Computerscientistshavetofindastrong“niche”toincreasethechancesoftheiraudience’sacceptabilityandthetarget