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[],,90,,,,,,[];;[]D035[]A[]1006-0863(2004)05-0088-07NoncoordinateConstraintandOrganizationalOperation:AFrameworktoStudytheRelationshipbetweenChinasCharityOrganizationsandtheGovernmentTianKaiAbstract:Thepurposeofthispaperistoexplorethemechanismofemergenceandtheoperationofthecharityorga2nizationsinChinaaswellastheirrelationshipwithgovernment.Basedonthenewinstitutionalismandpopulatione2cologytheory,thispaperdevelopsthetheoreticalframeworkoforganizationaloperationundernon-coordinatecon2strainttoillustratethisphenomena.Theauthorthinksthattheemergenceofcharityorganizationandthedecou2plingaretheresultofnon-coordinateenvironmentconstrainingtheactionoforganization,anditisthestrategyforlivingwhenfacingthepressureofinstitutionalenvironment.Thedecouplingofformandoperationofthecharityor2ganizationsisalsotheconsequenceofthecontradictionbetweenthedemandforresourceandthatforsocialcontrolofgovernment.Theanalyticaltoolofnon-coordinateconstrainthaspowerfulmeaninginorganizationtheoryanditcouldbeextendedtotheanalysisofsimilarphenomenainorganizationalfield.Keywords:nonprofitorganization,noncoordinateconstraint,organizationaloperation2090,19931199320018,1721949199344,5,50,:,,,,[]2004-02-10[](1973-),,,8820045227©1994-2007ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(KMerton),,[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[2],,,,,,,,,,,,:190,,?2,,?[3],,(BurtonAWeisbrod),[4],,,(me2dianvoter),,(HenryBHansmann)[5],,,,,,,,,(contractfail2ure),(nondistributionconstraint),(netearnings),(LesterMSalamon),[6]:,,,;,,;,,,;,,9820045227©1994-2007ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,70(MeyerandRowan),[7]:,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,(AnthonyGiddens)(thedualityofstructure)[2]1(organizationalform)(populationecologyapproach),()?[9][10],(blueprint):(1),;(2);(3),0920045227©1994-2007ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(1)(3),,,,,():,,,,,,,(AlfredSchutz)(stocksofknowl2edge),[11],(MPolanyi)(tacitknowledge)[12],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,2(organizationaloperation),(DouglassNorth)[13](JohnChild),,,,3:[14],[15],,:(strategicchoice)ChildChild,,,,Child,John.1972.OrganizationStructure,Envi2ronmentandPerformance:TheRoleofStrategicChoice.Sociology6:1-22.1920045227©1994-2007ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(decou2pling),,,,,,,ABC,A,B,,,,,,4,[16],,,,,,,,,,[17],?,,,?1,[18][19],[20],:,,[21],,,,,,,,,,,[22],,2,2920045227©1994-2007ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),,,3,,,,,,,,(),,,,;,,[23],,,[24],,,[25],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[26],,,,,,,,,1():,,,2():,:,,,,,,3920045227©1994-2007ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.():1,,;;(voluntarism),[27],,,,,,,,,,,,4():,,,,,,,,5():,,,6():(discretionary),,,,,,,,,7():,:,,,;,,;,,,,;,,,,,,,,:1,4920045227©1994-2007ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[][1]K...[M].:,1986.[2]...[M].:,1998.[3]Weisbrod,Burton.1974.TowardaTheoryoftheVol2untaryNonprofitSectorinThree-SectorEconomy.InE.Phelps.eds.AltruismMoralityandEconomicTheory[M].NewYork:RusselSage;Hansmann,Henry.1980.TheRoleofNonprofitEnterprise[J],YaleLawJournal,89:835-901;Salamon,L.M.,1981,RethinkingPub2licManagement:Third-PartyGovernmentandtheChangingFormsofGovernmentAction[J],PublicPol2icy,29(3),255-275.[4]Weisbrod,Burton.1974.TowardaTheoryoftheVol2untaryNonprofitSectorinThree-SectorEconomy.InE.Phelps.eds.AltruismMoralityandEconomicTheory[M].NewYork:RusselSage.[5]Hansmann,Henry.1980.TheRoleofNonprofitEnter2prise[J],YaleLawJournal,89:835-901.[6]Salamon,L.M.,1981,RethinkingPublicManage2ment:Third-PartyGovernmentandtheChangingFormsofGovernmentAction[J],PublicPolicy,29(3),255-275.[7][15][16][23]MeyerandRowan,1977.InstitutionalizedOrganizations:FormalStructureasMythandCeremony[J].AmericanJournalofSociology83(2):340-63.[8]..[M].:,1998.[9]Hannan,MichaelT.,andJohnFreeman.1977.ThePopulationEcologyofOrganizations[J].AmericanJour2nalofSociology82:929-64;Hannan,MichaelT.,andJohnFreeman.1989.OrganizationalEcology[M].Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,p7.[10]Hannan,MichaelT.,andJohnFreeman.1989.Orga2nizationalEcology[M].Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress.[11]Schutz,Alfred.1972.Thephenomenologyofthesocialworld[M].London:HeinemannEducational.[12]Polanyi,M.1967.TheTacitDimension[M].GardenCity:Doubleday-Anchor.[13].[M].:,1994.[14]Williamson,Oliver.1985.TheEconomicInstitutionsofCapitalism[M].NewYork:FreePress;Williamson,Oliver.1991.ComparativeEconomicOrganization:TheAnalysisofDiscreteStructuralAlternatives[J].AdministrativeScienceQuarterly36:269-96.[17][20]Scott,W.R.1992.Organizations:rational,nat2uralandopensystem[M].NewJersey:Prentice-Hall,Inc,p135.[18]Aldrich,Howard.1979.OrganizationandEnviron2ment[M].EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.:Prentice-Hall.[19]Pfeffer,Jeffrey,andGeraldSalancik.1978.TheEx2ternalControlofOrganizations:AResourceDependencePerspective[M].NewYork:HarperandRow.[21]Stinchcombe,Ar