JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,20211第六章储能元件6.1电容元件6.2电感元件6.3电容、电感元件的串联与并联JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,20212基本要求掌握电感和电容元件的动态特性和伏安关系。JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,202136.1电容元件只要电导体用电解质或绝缘材料(如云母、绝缘纸、陶瓷、空气等)隔开就构成一个电容器。独石电容器主要有:CC4,CT4,CC42,CT42等金属化聚丙烯薄膜电容器高压瓷片电容JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,20214无极性电解电容法拉电容0.1-1000F铝制电解电容高频感应加热机振荡电容6.1电容元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,20215各种贴片系列的电容器6.1电容元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,202161.电容元件的定义外电源撤走后,UC++++----这些电荷依靠电场力的作用互相吸引,能长久地存贮在极板上。由于理想介质不导电,所以在外电源的作用下,两块极板上能分别存贮等量的异性电荷。电容元件是表征产生电场、储存电场能量的元件。电容元件就是实际电容器的理想化模型。线性电容元件的图形符号:文字符号或元件参数:C6.1电容元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,20217其它类型线性电容元件的图形符号:2.库伏特性C是一个正实常数,单位是F(法)、mF、pF等。则有:q=Cuouq+电解电容可变电容微调电容库伏特性是一条通过原点的直线。+-u-q+qC若电压正极所在的极板上储存的电荷为+q即任何时刻,线性电容元件极板上的电荷q与电压u成正比。6.1电容元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,202183.伏安关系电容有“隔直通交”的作用;i=dqdt=d(Cu)dti=dudtC当C为常数时有:+-uiCq=Cu若C的i、u取关联参考方向,则有:(1)i的大小取决于u的变化率,与u的大小无关!(3)实际电路中通过电容的电流i为有限值,电容是动态元件;(2)当u为常数(直流)时,i=0。电容相当于开路,则电容电压u不能跃变,必是时间的连续函数。该式表明:6.1电容元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,20219电容元件有记忆电流的作用,故称电容为记忆元件。t0伏安关系的积分形式q(t)=t-∞i(x)dx=t0-∞i(x)dx+tt0i(x)dx以t0为计时起点q(t)=q(t0)+tt0i(x)dx将q=Cu代入得i=dqdt由得u(t)=u(t0)+ti(x)dxC1表明6.1电容元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,2021106.1电容元件还需要指出两点:(1)当u,i为非关联方向时,上述微分和积分表达式前要冠以负号;(2)上式中u(t0)称为电容电压的初始值,它反映电容初始时刻的储能状况,也称为初始状态。3.功率/电场能量p=ui=Cududtt从-∞到任意时刻t吸收的电场能量:u和i采用关联参考方向时u(t)u(-∞)wc=-∞tCu(x)du(x)dtdt=Cu(t)u(x)du(x)=21Cu2(x)u(-∞)JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,202111wc=21Cu2(t)-21Cu2(-∞)若在t=-∞时,电容处于未充电状态:u(-∞)=0,其电场能量也为0。的电场能量将等于它所吸收的能量:wc(t)=21Cu2(t)则电容元件在任何时刻所储存6.1电容元件等于元件在t2和t1时刻的电场能量之差。Wc=21Cu2(t2)-21Cu2(t1)=Wc(t2)-Wc(t1)从t1~t2时间,电容元件吸收的能量为:JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,202112充电时,|u(t2)|>|u(t1)|,Wc(t2)>Wc(t1),电容元件吸收能量;放电时,|u(t2)|<|u(t1)|,Wc(t2)<Wc(t1),电容元件把存储的电场能量释放出来。电容是一种储能元件,不消耗电能。释放的能量≤吸收的能量,是无源元件。如果电容元件的库伏特性不是通过原点的直线,则称为非线性电容元件。例如变容二极管,其容量随电压而变。6.1电容元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,202113线性电容元件总结(元件约束)图形符号:文字符号或元件参数:C伏安特性:单位:1F=106μF=1012pF储能的计算:其它特征:不耗能、无源、有记忆、双向元件i=dudtCwc(t)=21Cu2(t)库伏特性:q=Cu或u=t-∞idtC16.1电容元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,202114实用的电感器是用铜导线绕制成的线圈。6.2电感元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,202115各种类型的电感6.2电感元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,202116各种类型的电抗器6.2电感元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,202117在高频电路中,常用空心或带有铁氧体磁心的线圈。1.电感元件的定义在低频电路中,如变压器、电磁铁等,则采用带铁心的线圈。电感元件是表征产生磁场、储存磁场能量的元件。线圈通以电流i后将产生磁通LLLABi若L与N匝线圈交链,则磁通链L=NL。L和L都是由线圈本身的电流产生的,叫做自感磁通和自感磁通链。6.2电感元件iJiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,202118电感两端电压的大小与磁通的变化率成正比。若取u的参考方向与L成右手螺旋关系(关联参考方向)时,则u=dLdt电感元件是实际线圈的理想化模型,反映了电流产生磁通和存储磁场能量这一物理现象。当磁通随时间变化时,线圈两端就会产生感应电压L和L的方向与i的参考方向成右手螺旋关系!LLABi+-u6.2电感元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,202119线性电感元件的图形符号文字符号或元件参数:LoiΨL线性电感的韦安特性空心电感磁心电感步进移动触点2.韦安特性ψL=LiL是一个正实常数,即电感或自感系数。L和L的单位用Wb(韦),i的单位用A,L的单位是H(亨)。6.2电感元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationSchoolThursday,April08,2021203.伏安关系i与u为关联参考方向,把ΨL=Li代入u=dLdtu=Ldidt与L成右手螺旋关系。i+-uLL+-ui(1)电感电压u的大小取决于i的变化率,与i的大小无关,电感是动态元件;(2)当i为常数(直流)时,u=0。电感相当于短路;(3)实际电路中电感的电压u为有限值,则电感电流i不能跃变,必定是时间的连续函数。该式表明:6.2电感元件JiangSuUniversityOfScienceandTechnology.ZhangjiagangCampus.CircuitCourseLecturedByXuebinJiang/InformationScho