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SectionⅢDiscoveringUsefulStructures关系代词引导的限制性定语从句一、定语从句的概念【观察思考】▶HeisreadingabookwhichiswrittenbyLuXun.他正在读一本鲁迅写的书。▶Heisthemanwhom/thatImetyesterday.他是我昨天遇到的那个人。▶Thestudentswhodon’tstudyhardwillnotpasstheexam.不努力学习的学生不会通过考试。▶Thisisthebookwhosecoverisblue.这就是封面是蓝色的那本书。【探究总结】(1)定语从句:在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。(2)先行词:被定语从句修饰的词,叫作先行词。(3)关系词:引导定语从句的词叫作关系词。关系词分为关系代词(、、、、)和关系副词(when、where、why)两类。关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作从句中的一个成分。答案:(3)that;which;who;whom;whose【应用实践】写出黑体词所指代的词及在从句中所作的成分①Thegirlwhotoldusthenewsishissister.(指代,作)②Thisisthecarwhichheboughtlastyear.(指代,作)③Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefatherisateacher?(指代,作)④Thefilmthatwesawyesterdayisinteresting.(指代,作)⑤ThewomanwhomyousawjustnowisourEnglishteacher.(指代,作)答案:①thegirl;主语②thecar;宾语③anyone;定语④thefilm;宾语⑤thewoman;宾语二、关系代词的基本用法1.that/which【观察思考】▶Thedoctor(that)youarelookingforisintheroom.你正找的那位医生在房间里。(指人,作宾语)▶Amanthatisperfectlypleasedwiththepresentstateofthingsisafailure.完全满足于现状的人是个失败者。(指人,作主语)▶Thebuildingthat/whichstandsneartheriverisourschool.河边矗立的那座建筑物是我们的学校。(指物,作主语)▶Isthisthebook(that/which)shewaslookingfor?这是她刚才正在找的那本书吗?(指物,作宾语)【探究总结】(1)that既可指也可指,which用来指。(2)that、which在定语从句中都可作、,作时常可省略。答案:(1)人;物;物(2)主语;宾语;宾语【应用实践】选词填空(that/which)。①Thelittleproblemswemeetinourdailylivesmaybeinspiration(灵感)forgreatinventions.②Yesterdayhesoldhiscarheboughtlastmonth.③Ishetheoldmanwantstoseeyou?答案:①that/which②that/which③that2.who/whom【观察思考】▶Thepersonwholostthelibrarybookmustpayforit.丢失图书馆书籍的人必须赔偿。▶Theactor(who/whom)youwantedtoseedidn’tcome.你想见的那名演员没有来。▶Heisthedoctortowhomyourmotherspoke.他就是与你母亲谈过话的那名医生。【探究总结】(1)who用于指,可作和,作宾语时可以省略。(2)whom只作,跟在介词后时,不能省略。答案:(1)人;主语;宾语(2)宾语【应用实践】选词填空(who/whom)。①ThestudentisansweringthequestionisJohn.②Somepeoplearesuccessfullanguagelearnersoftenfailinotherfields.③MrLiuisthepersonyoutalkedaboutonthebus.答案:①who②who③who/whom3.whose【观察思考】▶Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownallovertheworld.这就是那个全世界闻名的科学家。▶Heboughtahouselastweekwhosewindowsaremadeofwood.上周他买了一所房子,窗户是由木头做成的。【探究总结】whose可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作。指人时,相当于;指物时,相当于。答案:定语;ofwhom;ofwhich【应用实践】(1)单句语法填空①Thebookcoverismissingismine.②Ihaveapenfriendmotherisateacher.(2)用含有whose的定语从句合并句子①TheboyiscalledLiLei./Hisparentsweredeadintheflood.→②MrWangisthepoliceman./HishousecaughtfirelastSunday.→答案:(1)①whose②whose(2)①TheboywhoseparentsweredeadinthefloodiscalledLiLei.②MrWangisthepolicemanwhosehousecaughtfirelastSunday.三、关系代词使用的特殊情况1.指物时只用that不用which的情况【观察思考】▶IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?我能为你做点什么吗?▶Youcantakeanyseatthatisfree.你可以在任何一个空位坐下。▶Thisistheonlybookthatcanbeusefultous.这是唯一一本会对我们有用的书。▶ItisthefirstcompositionthatIhavewritteninEnglish.这是我写的第一篇英语作文。▶Thisisthemostinterestingfilmthatwehaveeverseen.这是我们看过的最有趣的电影。▶Hetoldusthepeopleandtheplacesthathehadvisited.他告诉我们他曾拜访过的人和参观过的地方。▶Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?你最喜欢哪本书?【探究总结】(1)当先行词是不定代词everything、anything、nothing、all、none等时,或当先行词受every、any、all、few等词修饰时,关系代词一般用that。(2)当先行词被形容词修饰时,关系代词一般用that。(3)当先行词被修饰时,关系代词一般用that。(4)当先行词表示“正是的”,由thevery、修饰时,关系代词一般用that。(5)当先行词包括人与物时,关系代词一般用that。(6)当先行词前面有who,等疑问代词时,关系代词一般用that。答案:(2)最高级(3)序数词(4)theonly(6)which【应用实践】单句语法填空。①Weweredeeplyimpressedbytheteachersandschoolswehadvisited.②ThisisoneofthemostexcitingfootballgamesIhaveeverseen.③Thefirstthingyoucoulddowastoturnoffthelight.答案:①that②that③that2.指物时只用which不用that的情况【观察思考】▶Thepenwithwhichheiswritingwasboughtyesterday.他正用来写字的笔是昨天买的。▶Thatwhichyoutoldhimisexciting.你告诉他的事是令人兴奋的。【探究总结】(1)当关系代词前使用时,只用which。(2)先行词本身是,或一个句子同时有两个定语从句,其中一个是由that引导时,另一个用which,以免重复。答案:(1)介词(2)that【应用实践】选词填空(that/which)。①Youcantakeanyroomyoulike.②TheladderonIamstandingwasboughtinthesupermarket.③Hehidesallthepeopleandthingsheknows.答案:①that②which③that四、定语从句的注意事项【观察思考】▶Thebookswhichlieonthetablearehis.放在桌上的那些书是他的。▶Thebookwhichliesonthetableishis.放在桌上的那本书是他的。▶Heisoneofthestudentswhohavemadegreatprogress.他是那些取得很大进步的学生中的一个。▶Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasmadegreatprogress.他是唯一一个取得很大进步的学生。【探究总结】(1)当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词与在数上保持一致。(2)“oneof+复数名词”作先行词时,定语从句修饰的是复数名词,所以如果关系代词在从句中作主语,从句谓语动词应用形式。(3)“theonlyoneof+复数名词”作先行词时,定语从句修饰的是theonlyone,所以如果关系代词在从句中作主语,从句中谓语动词要用形式。答案:(1)先行词(2)复数(3)第三人称单数【应用实践】(1)单句改错。①Thosewhohasfinishedmayleavetheclassroomnow.②Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksthatwerenotpaidfor.(2)完成句子。Thisisoneofthebestfilms(放映的)thisyear.答案:(1)①has改为have②were改为was(2)thathavebeenshown