Background-of-UNIT-3现代大学英语

4/12/2021IntroductiontotheText–Dowereallyknowwhatwearedoingthough?–Dowereallyknowwhatitmeanswhenwesaywearethinking?–Dowereallythinkforourselves?Areourbeliefsandideasreallywell-grounded?–Arewesurethatallthebeliefsweholdwithintenseconvictionandacceptwithoutquestionarereallytrue?–Whatconstitutesadequategroundsforbeliefs?IntroductiontotheText•Thesearejustsomeoftheblunt，embarrassingquestionsMander，anEnglishpsychologist，asksinthispassagetakenfromhisbook，LogicfortheMillions．•However,thistextisnotchosenprimarilyforthepurposeofshakingourbeliefs.Ratheritismeanttoserveasasuggestiveexampleofacuriousinquiringmindatwork．Manderdoesnotsayallbeliefsareunreliableandsilly.Hedoesnotsaythatweshouldnothavebeliefs.Hesimplywantsustofindouthowwecamebyourbeliefs.Hewantsustoknowtheirbasesortheirground.Hewantsustoseeallsidesofaquestion.Aboveall,hewantsustotestourbeliefs．StructureoftheText•Manderlistsfivesourcesformanyofourgroundlessbeliefs：–1)Resultofearlyenvironment；–2)Parroting；–3)Self-interest；–4)Sentimentalassociations；–5)Fashion．StructureoftheText•Itisnodisgracetoadmitthatweareallheavilyinfluencedbyprejudices.Andthisispreciselythereasonwhyweallneededucation．Education,accordingtoonedefinition，isjusttheprogressivediscoveryofourignoranceandprejudiceswhicharehiddeninourmindlikecomputervirusinacomputer．Andunlesswestayalertandcheckourcomputerconstantlyandwipeoutalltheviruses，wewillbeinserioustroublesomeday．Wewillnotknowwhenandwheretheywillhituswithseriousconsequences．Judgethefollowingbeliefs•(1)Moneyisdirty.•(2)Manwillstruggletoconquernature.•(3)Wemustsaveeverypennytosupportournationalreconstruction.•(4)Manyhandsmadelightwork.•(5)Chinaisalargecountrywithabundantnatural•resources.4/12/2021Trytoworkoutalistofdifferentreligiousbeliefsintheworld.BuddhismReligionBeliefsHistoryHinduismBeliefsHinduGodsConfucianismConfuciusBeliefsChristianityJesusChristChristianCatholicismCatholicChurchIslamMuslimReligionQuran4/12/2021Abouttheauther•A(lfred)E(rnest)Mander•Born:1894inEngland,Malvern•Nationality:English•Occupation:Writer•ThepresenttextistakenfromLogicfortheMillionsbyAlfredErnestMander,publishedbyThePhilosophicalLibrary,NewYork,1947.CatholicBeliefTogainthehappinessofheavenwemustknow,love,andserveGodinthisworld.Manmustknow,loveandserveGodinasupernaturalmannerinordertogainhappinessofheaven.Manisraisedtothesupernaturalorderonlybygrace,afreegiftofGod.Welearntoknow,love,andserveGodfromJesusChrist,theSonofGod,whoteachesusthroughtheCatholicChurch.II.CatholicBeliefInordertobesaved,allpersonswhohaveattainedtheuseofreasonmustbelieveexplicitlythatGodexistsandthatherewardsthegoodandpunishesthewicked;inpracticetheymustalsobelieveinthemysteriesoftheBlessedTrinityandtheIncarnation.BytheBlessedTrinitytheymeanoneandthesameGodinthreedivinepersons,theFather,theSon,andtheHolyGhost.Lesson6–GroundlessBeliefsCatholicBeliefBytheIncarnationismeantthattheSonofGod,retainingHisdivinenature,tooktoHimselfahumannature,thatis,abodyandsoullikeours.TheChurchisthecongregationofallbaptizedpersonsunitedinthesametruefaith,thesamesacrifice,andthesamesacraments,undertheauthorityoftheSovereignPontiffandthebishopsincommunionwithhim.TheyfindthechieftruthstaughtbyJesusChristthroughtheCatholicChurchintheApostles'Creed.Lesson6–GroundlessBeliefsPresbyterianBeliefTheybelievetheBibleisthewrittenwordofGod,inspiredbytheHolySpiritandwithouterrorintheoriginalmanuscripts.TheBibleistherevelationofGod’struthandisinfallibleandauthoritativeinallmattersoffaithandpractice.TheybelieveintheHolyTrinity.ThereisoneGod,whoexistseternallyinthreepersons:theFather,theSon,andtheHolySpirit.TheybelievethatallaresinnersandtotallyunabletosavethemselvesfromGod’sdispleasure,exceptbyHismercy.PresbyterianBeliefTheybelievethatJesusChrististheeternalSonofGod,whothroughHisperfectlifeandsacrificialdeathatonedforthesinsofallwhowilltrustinHim,alone,forsalvation.TheybelievethattheHolySpiritindwellsGod’speopleandgivesthemthestrengthandwisdomtotrustChristandfollowHim.TheybelievethatJesuswillreturn,bodilyandvisibly,tojudgeallmankindandtoreceiveHispeopletoHimself.Lesson6–GroundlessBeliefsChristianity基督教Catholicism天主教[罗马公教]OrthodoxChurch东正教Protestantism新教Presbyterian长老教Congregationalists公理宗Methodists循道宗ReformedChurch加尔文宗[归正宗]EpiscopalChurch安立甘宗[圣公会]LutheranChurch路德宗[信义宗]Aristotle亚里士多德(384-322B.C.),Poetics《诗学》HisLifeBornin384B.C.TheFirstAthenianPeriod:In368or367B.C.AristotleenrolledinPlato’sAcademyandremainedattachedtoituntilhisteacher’sdeathinabout348B.C.Duringthistwenty-year’stime,Aristotlelaidhisphilosophicalfoundations,clearlysetinPlatonism.Evenifinlateryearshefeltcompelledtodisagreeattimeswithhismaster,hisrespectforanddebttoPlatoarefirm.TheMiddlePeriod(348-336B.C.):AfterPlato’sdeath,AristotleleftAthensandlivedunderthepatronageoftwoabsoluteHellenistic(希腊主义的)rulers,Hermeias(tyrantofAtarneusandAssosinMysiainmodernTurkey)andPhilipIIofMacedonia(马其顿王国).Later,AristotlemarriedHermeias’nieceandadopteddaughter.AtPhilip’scourt,AristotlebecamethetutorofPhilip’sson,AlexandertheGreat.TheSecondAthenianPeriod:HereturnedtoAthensin335B.C.a