动词不定式的用法

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1动词不定式的用法概念:动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志,没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。可以做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语。一、作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:(1)把不定式置于句首。如:Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:①It+be+名词+todoIt'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.②Ittakessb+sometime+todoHowlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?③It+be+形容词+b+todoItisdifficultforustofinishforswritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenough④It+be+形容词+ofsb+todoItisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wiserude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless(欠考虑的;不考虑的),brave,considerate(考虑周到的),selfish(自私的)等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sbis+形容词+todo句式,如:It'skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish.⑤Itseems(appears)+形容词+todoItseemedimpossibletosavemoney.Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。注意:1)其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型2)不定式作为句子主语时,动词用单数形式。3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用Itis…to…的句型对应性:Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见。二、作宾语1)以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语afford(付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到),appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt(试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend(屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor(竭2力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(威胁),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望)举例:Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2)动词+疑问词+不定式decide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tellPleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做。Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan'tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+todo句式。如:Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.IfinditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.三、作补语1)动词+宾语+不定式(todo)adviseallowbelievecausechallengecompel(强迫,使不得不)declareencourageforbidforcefindhireinduce(引诱,劝导)instruct(命令,指示)invitelikeorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequireselectsendsupposetelltrainurge(催促,鼓励)例句:a.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b.Webelievehimtobeguilty.我们相信他是有罪的。find的特殊用法:find后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。Ifoundhimlyingontheground.Ifounditimportanttolearn.3IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.典型例题:Thenextmorningshefoundtheman___inbed,dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。lie:躺过去式lay,过去分词lain,现在分词lying;lie:说谎过去式lied,过去分词lied,现在分词lying;lay:安放过去式laid,过去分词laid,现在分词laying;2)to+be的不定式结构,作补语的动词。Acknowledge承认,供认,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover,fancy(设想),feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解),show,suppose,take(以为),understandWeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。3)tobe+形容词Seem,appear,besaid,besupposed,bebelieved,bethought,beknown,bereported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean…Thebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting.Itisbelievedthat…人们认为这本书没什么意思。有些动词需用as短语做补语,如regard,thinkbelieve,take,consider.WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Marytookhimasherfather.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。四、作表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。①Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.②Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.③WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①)。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),不定式说明主语的内容。④Ourworkisservingthepeople.⑤Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper.⑥ThestorytoldbyMrWangisinteresting.④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Servingthepeopleisourwork,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。五、作状语41)目的状语To…onlyto(仅仅为了),inorderto,soasto,so(such)…asto…(如此……以便……)Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.我来仅仅是向你告别。2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.3)表原因I'mgladtoseeyou.典型例题Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto___.A.sitB.sitonC.beseatD.besaton答案:B.如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾。Thewateristoocoldtodrink.(不用被动)六、作定语⒈不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:①ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.②Doyouhaveanythingtobetaken(totake)toyoursister?③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion?④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon?⑤MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:(1)表示将来的动作(例①)。(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④)。(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②)。(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①toarrive=thatwillarrive。七.省to的动词不定式介绍1)情态动词(除ought外,oughtto意思是应该,是情态动词,只有一种形式,后边接动词不定式,to不能省略。oughtto没有人称和数的变化,后接动词原形可以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