英语笔译综合关系从句•定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。•关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which等。•关系副词有:when,where,why等。关系代词引导的定语从句•关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。•1)who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如:•Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?(who/that在从句中作主语)•Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)•2)whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换)。例如:•Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.•Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.•3)which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。如:•Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.(which/that在句中作宾语)•Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.(which/that在句中作宾语)关系副词引导的定语从句•关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。•1)关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于介词+which结构,因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用。例如:•Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.•Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.•Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?•2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和介词+which引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如:•Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn.Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.限制性和非限制性定语从句•1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:•Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.(限制性)•Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.(非限制性)•2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如:•CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.•Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.•Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.•3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:•HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.•Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.•说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。as,which非限定性定语从句•由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首,which在句中。例如:•Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.•Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.•1)Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,___cameasasurprise.•A.itB.thatC.whichD.he•2)Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.•A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it•as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:•(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。•(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。•1)Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.(Whoever可以用anyonewho代替)•2)Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.(what可以用allthat代替)•what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever•1)what=thethingwhich;whatever=anything。例如:•Whatyouwanthasbeensenthere.•Whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.•2)who=thepersonthatwhoever=anyonewho。例如:•(错)Whobreaksthelawwillbepunished.•(错)Whoeverrobbedthebankisnotclear.•(对)Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.•(对)Whorobbedthebankisnotclear.•3)that和what•当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。例如:•Ithink(that)youwilllikethestamps.•Whatweneedismorepractice.关系代词that的用法•1)不用that的情况•a)引导非限定性定语从句时。例如:•(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.•b)介词后不能用。例如:•Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.•Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.•2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况•a)在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which。•b)在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。•c)先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时,只用that。•d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.•e)先行词既有人,又有物时。例如:•Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.•Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.状语从句•1地点状语从句•地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。例如:•WhereIlivethereareplentyoftrees.•WhereverIamIwillbethinkingofyou.方式状语从句•方式状语从句通常由as,(just)as…so…,asif,asthough引导。•1)as,(just)as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just)as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是“正如…”,“就像”,多用于正式文体。例如:•Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.•Aswateristofish,soairistoman.。•Justaswesweepourrooms,soweshouldsweepbackwardideasfromourminds.•2)asif,asthough•两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛……似的,好像……似的。例如:•Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverexisted.(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)•Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting.(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)•Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)•说明:asif/asthough也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如:•Hestaredatmeasifseeingmeforfirsttime.•Heclearedhisthroatasiftosaysomething.•Thewavesdashedontherocksasifinanger•原因状语从句•比较because,since,as和for:•1)because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或since。例如:•Ididn'tgo,becauseIwasafraid.•Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.•2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。例如:•Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.•Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.•目的状语从句•表示目的状语的从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导。例如:•Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.•Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgetit.•Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.•结果状语从句•结果状语从句常由so…that或such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如:•Theboyissoyoungthathecan'tgotoschool.Heissuchayoungboythathecan'tgotoschool•条件状语从句•连接词主要有if,unless,as/solongas,onconditiontha