The-Effective-Sentence

AdvancedEnglishWritingUnit3TheSentence1.CompleteSentencesandSentenceFragments(完整句与不完整句)Agrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubjectandapredicate谓语(orfinite限定)verb;iftheverbistransitive,theremustbeanobject;iftheverbisalink-verb,theremustbeapredicative表语orcomplement补语.2.TypesofSentences(1)Accordingtotheiruse,sentencesareclassifiedas:1.DeclarativeSentence(陈述句):makesanassertionorstatement.2.InterrogativeSentence(疑问句):asksaquestion.3.ImperativeSentence(祈使句):expressesacommandorarequest.4.ExclamatorySentence(感叹句):expressesastrongfeelingoremotion,suchassurprise,pain,orjoy.①DeclarativeSentence陈述句：Iamastudentofthe2ndNorthwestUniversityforNationalities.②InterrogativeSentence疑问句：DoyoustudyJapaneseorEnglish?Canyoudriveacar?③ImperativeSentence祈使句：Docomeandhelpme,please!Standup,please!④ExclamatorySentence感叹句：Whatafinedayitis!Howbeautifulthefloweris!2.TypesofSentences(2)Accordingtotheirstructure,sentencesareclassifiedas:1.SimpleSentence2.CompoundSentence3.ComplexSentence4.Compound-ComplexSentencesuchas:①SimpleSentence：Tomisred.Tomisinred.Tomisinthered.Sheisstudying.SheisstudyingEnglishnow.SheisstudyingEnglishinthelibrary.②CompoundSentence：Bequickoryouwillbelate.I’mateacherandIteachEnglish.Maryhasagoodjobbutshefeelsunhappy.③ComplexSentence：Iwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool.Theycouldnotworkinthefieldsyesterdaybecauseitwasraininghard.④Compound-ComplexSentence：Ionceaskedaveryablehighschoolsenior,astraightAstudentinEnglish,ifsheeverkeptheroldEnglishpapers.注意：写文章时一般都要使句子的结构多样化2.TypesofSentences(3)Therearealso3kindsofsentencesinlearningEnglishfromarhetoricalpointofview,suchas:LooseSentence（松散句）：easier,simpler,morenaturalanddirect.(明白、简单、自然和直接)。Aloosesentenceputsthemainideabeforeallsupplementaryinformation;inotherwords,itputsthefirstthingfirst,andletsthereaderknowwhatitismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.把主要的意思放在次要意思之前，先说最重要的事情，因而读者在看到最初几个词后就知道这句话的意思。4.PeriodicSentence圆周句(指主要意义至句尾才明白的句子)morecomplex,emphatic,formalorliterary(复杂、着重、正式和文雅).Aperiodicsentenceputsthemainideaatorneartheendofthesentence.Thereaderdoesnotknowwhatitismainlyaboutuntilhefinishesreadingit.(把最重要的意思放到最后面，并且直到最后一个词时句子的结构才完整。读者只有看完整句话才知道它的意思。)试比较:4.PeriodicSentence★ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic.★Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglishThedifferencebetweenthelooseandperiodicconstructions:LooseConstruction1.ThehistoryofEnglishwordsisthehistoryofourcivilizationinmanyways.2.ShewasofferedaprofessionalcontractafterwinningtheOlympicgoldmedalforfigureskating,accordingtonewspaperreports.3.Therehavebeenmanygreatdiscoveriesmadebyscientistsinthetwentiethcentury.PeriodicConstruction1.Inmanyways,thehistoryofEnglishwordsisthehistoryofourcivilization.2.Accordingtonewspaperreports,afterwinningtheOlympicgoldmedalforfigureskating,shewasofferedaprofessionalcontract.3.Scientistsinthetwentiethcenturyhavemademanygreatdiscoveries.5.BalancedSentenceMainlyusedinformalwriting,(主要用于正式文体)Abalancedsentenceisimpressivebecauseofthecontrast,andpleasingtohearbecauseoftherhythm.Itismainlyusedinformalwriting.5.BalancedSentenceThepoliticianisconcernedwithsuccessfulelectionswhereasthestatesmanisinterestedinthefutureofhispeople.政客关心的是竞选的成功与否，而政治家关心的是人民的未来。这种句子的语气强劲有力,会给人留下深刻的印象，因为它包含相反的意思，而且声调和节奏优美。主要用于说明文、辩论文及演说等正式文体中。ExercisesI.Readthefollowingandsaywhatkindofsentenceeachis(loose,periodic,orbalanced):1.Itisapleasuretoreadgoodbooks.2.Shemissedthestepandsprained(扭伤)herankle.3.Badlyfrightenedbytheexplosion,theboyrushedoutofthelaboratory.4.TheJacksonsmusthavegoneawayforthesummerholidays,forwehavenotseenthemfortwoorthreeweeks.5.Therewerethetranslatorsintheirbooths,andthegirlsecretariesatthedoors,andthereportersgrumbling(咕哝)andscribbling(匆忙地写)intheirseats.(tobecontinued)(Continued)6.Ourfriends,whohadstartedbeforeus,promisedthattheywouldmeetus,butwhenwearrivedatthebusstop,theywerenowheretobeseen.7.ThenewthingthathappenedtomeinthetownwasthatIwasthrownintoexperiencesthatfinallyseemedtocutmytiestothewalled-worldofmychildhood.8.Inthespeechesofpoliticianstowardsthecloseof1919andthespringof1920,therewasmanifestanincreasingrecognitionofthefactthatwhatiscalledthecapitalistsystem—theprivateownershipsystemthatis,inwhichprivateprofitistheworkingincentive---wasontrial.9.ItwillnotbedonebytheGovernment;itcannotbedonebyParliament.6.EffectiveSentencesUnity:Unityisthefirstqualityofaneffectivesentence.Aunifiedsentenceexpressesasinglecompletethought.Coherence:Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.6.EffectiveSentencesConciseness:Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywords.Iftheideaisfullyexpressed,thefewerwordsareused,thebetter.6.EffectiveSentencesEmphasis:Whenthereisanimportantidea,itshouldbeexpressedwithemphasis.Variety:Whenwritingaparagraph,allkindsofsentencesandwritingskillsshouldbeused.6.EffectiveSentences在写作中，往往听到一些关于句子好或坏的评论，那么好句子到底有什么标准呢？下面就把一个好句子的几个基本原则介绍一下，希望能够帮你在写作中写出优美的句子来。6.EffectiveSentences1.Unity：统一性是好句子的第一要点。一个完整的句子表达单一的完整的意思。它不包含并不紧密相关的意思，也不表达本身不完整的意思。也就是说,正确有效的句子必须符合完整统一性原则，6.EffectiveSentences即一个句子必须表达单一的完整的