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第二部分语法精析专题一语法填空与短文改错题型一关于名词、冠词和数词的语法填空题型二关于名词、冠词和数词的短文改错第三节名词、冠词和数词增分训练[考向分析]热考点语法填空：名词考查重点为单复数，变动词和形容词；冠词是考查热点，多关注固定结构；数词考查较少。短文改错：名词重点考查可数名词未用复数和不可数名词误用复数；冠词的误用和漏用都要关注；数词考查基数词变化为序数词。新考向2019全国卷中减少了对名词单复数的考查，加强了对名词变动词或形容词的考查。PART1题型一关于名词、冠词和数词的语法填空解析考查名词复数。根据设空前的修饰词various可知，此处要用名词的复数形式。故填activities。1.Nomatterwhatyouliketodo，thereisawaytogetinvolvedinvarious________(activity)onEarthDay.(2019·北京)activities考点一名词单复数记牢标志词妥妥得分2.MakingChinese(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.(2018·浙江)dishes解析考查名词复数。dish菜肴，为可数名词，中式菜肴有很多种，故此处用dish的复数形式。3.Amerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall(cause).(2018·全国Ⅰ)causes解析考查名词复数。cause表示“原因，起因”时是可数名词，前面有all，故填cause的复数形式。4.Thistrend，whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(医学界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease，hashadsomeunintendedside(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.(2017·全国Ⅰ)effects解析考查名词复数。sideeffect副作用，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子overweightandheartdisease可知名词effect用复数形式effects。5.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible_______(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.(2017·全国Ⅱ)crowds解析考查名词复数。crowd是可数名词，且前面没有限定词，故应用复数形式。6.Shehasturneddownseveral(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.(2017·全国Ⅲ)invitations解析考查名词复数。several表“几个”，其后要用名词invitation的复数形式。7.LastOctober，whiletendinghergardeninMora，Sweden，LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmall(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.(2017·浙江)carrots解析考查名词复数。ahandfulof一把，几个，后接可数名词的复数形式。ahandfulofcarrots几个胡萝卜。8.Recent(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.(2016·全国Ⅱ)studies解析考查名词复数。根据后面的谓语动词show，表示复数形式，故主语也应是复数形式。[技法指导]提示词是名词，首先分析句子，确认不需要改变词性，就可以考虑用名词复数形式。一些标志词可以快速确认。1.修饰词①oneof＋名词复数。②大于2的基数词，different，various，many，these/those，few，afew，several，all，both，other，a(large)numberof，acoupleof，adozenof，dozensof，ahandfulof后用名词复数。③some后如果名词可数，要用复数。2.谓语动词：如果所填的名词作主语，谓语动词是复数形式are，were，have或动词原形，则用名词复数。3.特殊的复数名词belongingsn.财产possessionsn.财产congratulations祝贺surroundingsn.环境findingsn.发现good/badmannersn.有礼貌/没礼貌taketurns轮流inalldirections四面八方inruins严重受损；破败不堪解析考查名词。根据其前不定冠词和其后的同位语从句可知，空格处为名词形式，故填belief。1.InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements，leadingtoa______(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.(2019·全国Ⅰ)belief考点二高频考点名词动词互换名词变形容词2.Wearesoproudofher.It’s(wonder).(2019·全国Ⅱ)wonderful解析考查形容词作表语。根据句子结构可知，在系动词is之后应用形容词作表语，故填wonderful。3.Whentheywerefreefromwork，theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting(compete)towatch，togetherwiththestorybehindit.(2019·全国Ⅲ)competition解析考查名词。由空前的aninteresting可以确定空格处应该填名词形式。故填competition。4.Theyalsosharedwithusmany(tradition)storiesaboutHawaiithatwerehugelypopularwithtourists.(2019·全国Ⅲ)traditional解析考查形容词。空格处修饰名词stories，应用形容词，tradition的形容词形式为traditional，故填traditional。5.OtherAmericanstudiesshowedno(connect)betweenuniformsandschoolperformance.(2019·浙江)connection/connections解析考查名词。no是形容词，修饰名词，connect的名词形式为connection表示“联系，关联”，为可数名词，故填connection/connections。6.Schooluniformsare(tradition)inBritain，butsomeschoolsarestartingtogetridofthem.(2019·浙江)traditional解析考查形容词。are是系动词，其后常用形容词作表语，tradition是名词，“传统”的意思，因此，用其形容词形式。故填traditional。7.It’snevertooearlytomakenecessarypreparationsforahealthyand___________(meaning)collegeexperience.(2019·北京)meaningful解析考查形容词。这里与前面的healthy并列，修饰后面的名词collegeexperience，故此处也要用形容词形式。故填meaningful。8.Researchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein(weigh)problems.(2018·浙江)weight解析考查词形转换。此处应用名词作定语修饰problems，weightproblems意为“体重问题”。9.Toavoidkneepain，youcanrunonsoftsurfaces，doexercisesto___________(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉)，avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.(2018·全国Ⅰ)strengthen解析考查词性转换之名词变动词。此处不定式短语作目的状语，故填strength的动词形式strengthen。10.Runningischeap，easyandit’salways(energy).(2018·全国Ⅰ)energetic解析考查词性转换之名词变形容词。连系动词is后接形容词作表语，故填energy的形容词形式energetic。11.AccordingtotheWorldBank，Chinaaccountsforabout30percentoftotal_______(globe)fertilizerconsumption...(2018·全国Ⅱ)global解析考查词性转换之名词变为形容词。修饰名词短语fertilizerconsumption应用形容词，名词globe的形容词形式是global。12.MynameisMireyaMayor.I’ma(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.(2018·全国Ⅲ)scientist解析考查词形转换之名词构词法。由空后的who可知，定语从句的先行词是表示人的名词。scientist科学家。[技法指导](一)提示词是名词，首先分析句子，如需要改变词性，根据语境确认用哪种词性。构词法——常见的词根词缀①-en动词后缀strength→strengthen加强fright→frighten使害怕length→lengthen延长②-fy动词后缀beauty→beautify美化qualification→qualify使取得(资格)class→classify分类③-ize/-ise动词后缀apology→apologiz(s)e道歉memory→memorize记住④常见形容词后缀sun→sunny阳光充足的fog→foggy有雾的wealth→wealthy富有的health→healthy健康的noise→noisy吵闹的名词＋-yadvise→advisable明智的，可取的comfort→comfortable舒服的accept→acceptable可接受的education→educational有教育意义的season→seasonal季节的addition→additional附加的，额外的accident→accidental意外的动词＋-able名词＋-alwood→wooden木制的gold→golden金色的differ→different不同的insist→insistent坚持的depend→dependent依赖的fool→foolish愚蠢的self→selfish自私的child→childish孩子气的名词＋-en动词＋-ent名词＋-ishact→active积极的impress→impressive印象深刻的power→powerful强有力的peace→peaceful和平的beauty→beautiful美丽的wonder→wonderful很棒的help→helpful有帮助的动词＋-ive名词＋-fulhome→homeless无