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SectionⅡ—LearningaboutLanguage自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现一二一、读下列名人名言,试着说出每句话中的从句及其类别1.Weareheretoaddwhatwecantolife,nottogetwhatwecanfromit.—WilliamOsler2.Thedangerofthepastwasthatmenbecameslaves.Thedangerofthefutureisthatmenmaybecomerobots.—ErichFromm3.Itisnousedoingwhatyoulike;youhavegottolikewhatyoudo.—WinstonChurchill答案:宾语从句:whatwecantolife;whatwecanfromit答案:表语从句:thatmenbecameslaves;thatmenmaybecomerobots答案:宾语从句:whatyoulike;whatyoudo自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现一二二、欣赏下列幽默故事,给画线部分的从句分类1.A:Weallwanttogotothemoon,don’twe?B:Yes.Thatis(A)whatwewant.Thequestionis(B)wherewecancatchtheearlybustothemoon.2.A:Doctor,youknow(C)Ihaven’tsleptfordays.B:Whyisthat?A:Iguessthat’s(D)becauseIsleepatnight.3.A:Doyouknow(E)whichparticulardancecleanersdo?B:TheChar-char.A:Howdoyouknow?B:“It’s(F)what’scalledafloorshow.”Myauntoftensaysthat.A:What’syouraunt?B:Idobelieve(G)she’sthebestcleaneranddancerintheworld.自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现一二宾语从句:表语从句:C,E,GA,B,D,F自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现Grammar:宾语从句和表语从句概述:名词性从句(一)在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫作名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是一个重要的语法项目,因此必须掌握好。本单元主要学习宾语从句和表语从句的用法。引导名词性从句的连接词有:that,whether,if,what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which,when,where,how,why等。自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现考点一宾语从句宾语从句在主从复合句中充当宾语。引导宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句、表语从句的连接词大致一样,在句中可以做谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1)由连接词that引导的宾语从句连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在从句中不做任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省略。如:Weallagreed(that)itwouldbeamistakenottotakehisadvice.我们都认为不听他的建议是个错误。注意以下几点:①从句是并列句时,第二个及以后的分句前的that不可省略。如:Weallthink(that)sheisworkingveryhardandthatshewillsurelygotoaverygooduniversity.我们都认为她学习非常努力,一定能进一个非常好的大学。自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现②在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句中谓语常用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。如:Thecommanderorderedthattroops(should)setoffatonce.司令员命令部队马上出发。③动词+it+形容词或惯用搭配+that从句。Wethinkitimportantthateverycitizenshouldhavegoodmanners.我们认为每个市民都有礼貌是很重要的。(其中it为形式宾语,而真正的宾语是that引导的从句)自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现④注意动词doubt的否定结构和疑问句才可以接that从句。如:Idon’tdoubtthathewillbeagainsttheidea.我毫不怀疑他会反对这一想法。Idoubtwhetherhewillbeagainsttheidea.我怀疑他是否会反对这一想法。DoyoudoubtthatIcanfinishitontime?你怀疑我能按时完成这件事情吗?2)疑问词引导的宾语从句用who,whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever,whatever,whichever等连接词引导宾语从句时,连接词在从句中充当一定的成分。应注意从句的语序要用陈述语序。如:Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanworkwell.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。(how在从句中做状语)自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现3)whether或if引导的宾语从句whether或if引导的宾语从句仍保持陈述语序,whether或if在从句中不能省略。如:Iwonderwhetherhewillcomeornot.我想知道他来还是不来。此外,whether与if在作“是否”讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:a.引导主语从句并在句首时;b.引导表语从句时;c.引导的宾语从句做介词的宾语时;d.从句中有“ornot”时;e.后接动词不定式时。自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现4)注意宾语从句中的时态呼应当主句谓语动词是现在时态时,宾语从句可根据句子自身的情况而使用不同时态。如:IknowthathestudiedEnglishlastterm.(从句用一般过去时)我知道他上学期学过英语。当主句谓语动词是过去时态时(could,would除外),宾语从句也要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时等;但是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象等时,则从句仍用现在时态。如:TheteachertoldusthatTomhadleftforAmerica.老师告诉我们汤姆已经动身去美国了。Magellanprovedthattheearthisround.麦哲伦证明了地球是圆的。自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现5)当动词think,believe,imagine,suppose等的主语是第一人称时其后的宾语从句,如有否定意思,要把主句中的动词变为否定式,将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。如:Wedidn’tthinkhewashere.我们认为他不在这儿。自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现考点二表语从句在复合句中做表语的从句叫表语从句,表语从句位于连系动词后。1)that引导的表语从句that仅起连接作用,无意义,在从句中不做任何成分,通常不能省略。这种从句往往对主句主语的内容起进一步解释的作用。其基本结构为“主语+系动词+that从句”。如:Whatsurprisedmemostwasthatallthepupilswereunusuallyquiet.使我十分惊讶的是所有的学生异乎寻常地安静。当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导。如:Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning.他迟到的原因是今天早上他以一分钟之差错过了火车。自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现2)wh-疑问词引导的表语从句①连接代词what,which,who,whom,whose等除在句子中起连接作用外,还在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分,且各有各的词义。如:Theproblemiswhoisreallyfitforthehardjob.问题是谁才真正适合做这份艰苦的工作。(who在从句中做主语)Tomisnolongerwhatheusedtobe.汤姆不再是以前的汤姆了。(what在从句中做系动词be的表语)②连接副词when,where,how,why等除在句中起连接作用外,在从句中还充当时间、地点、方式、原因等状语,本身具有词义。如:That’swhereIcan’tagreewithyou.那就是我不赞同你的地方。自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现③whether引导的表语从句连接词whether起连接作用,意为“是否,究竟,到底”。(注意:if不能引导表语从句。)Thequestioniswhetherthatmanwillturnupontime.问题是那个人是否会按时出现。自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现3)asif,because,asthough等引导的表语从句because引导表语从句通常只用于“This/That/Itis/wasbecause...”结构中。asif/asthough引导的表语从句常置于系动词look,seem,sound,be,become等后面,常用虚拟语气,表示不存在的动作或状态。如:Theelephantfeelsasif/thoughitwereawall.大象摸起来像一堵墙。4)主语是表示“建议、命令、要求”等的名词,那么表语从句该用虚拟语气,即从句谓语用should后接动词原形,should可以省略。如:Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)climballthewaytothetopofthehill.他的建议是我们应该一路爬到山顶。自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现活学活用选词填空which,how,that,whether,whatever,why,whose,when,where,whom,who,what(1)Iamnotsureornotheiswillingtohelpme.(2)Hegotuplate.Thatwashewaslateforthemeeting.(3)ThetroubleisIlostthekeytomyroom.(4)Janemovedaimlesslydownthetree-linedstreet,notknowingshewasheading.(5)Showmeyouhavebought.(6)—IwonderMaryhaskeptherfigureafteralltheseyears.—Byworkingouteveryday.whetherwhythatwherewhathow自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现(7)Thebestmomentforthefootballstarwashescoredthewinninggoal.(8)Iwondermymotheristalkingtointhenextroom.(9)Inthatsituation,shecoulddecidepersonsheshouldturntoforhelp.(10)Idon’tknowfatherwillbeverypatientwhenhischildisverynaughty.(11)Youcantakeyoulikewhenyouenterthatroom.(12)Thetroubleisiswillingtolendusalotofmoney.whenwhom/whowhichwhosewhateverwho自主预习·新课堂自主预习·新发现翻译句子(13)问题是谁能完成这项艰巨的任务。Theproblemiswhocancompletethedifficulttask.(14)我们可以学习我们所未知的。Wecanlearnwhatwedidnotk