专题二阅读理解真题感悟名师点津随堂限时练第三节词句猜测题一、词义猜测题PART1真题感悟(2019·全国Ⅰ,B)ForCanaanElementary’ssecondgradeinPatchogue,N.Y.,todayisspeechday,andrightnowit’sChrisPalaez’sturn.The8-year-oldisthejokeroftheclass.Withshiningdarkeyes,heseemslikethekindofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.Buthe’snervous.“I’mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould...should...”Christripsonthe“-ld,”apronunciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher,ThomasWhaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport.“...Votefor...me...”Exceptforsomestumbles,Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.Asonofimmigrants,ChrisstartedlearningEnglishalittleoverthreeyearsago.Whaleyrecalls(回想起)howatthebeginningoftheyear,whencalledupontoread,Chriswouldexcusehimselftogotothebathroom.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguagecanbeapainfulexperience.Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.“Ittakesalotforanystudent,”Whaleyexplains,“especiallyforastudentwhoislearningEnglishastheirnewlanguage,tofeelconfidentenoughtosay,‘Idon’tknow,butIwanttoknow.’”Whaleygottheideaofthissecond-gradepresidentialcampaignprojectwhenheaskedthechildrenonedaytoraisetheirhandsiftheythoughttheycouldneverbeapresident.Theanswerbrokehisheart.Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast(夸耀)aboutthemselves.“Boastingaboutyourself,andyourbestqualities,”Whaleysays,“isverydifficultforachildwhocameintotheclassroomnotfeelingconfident.”语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了小学教师托马斯·沃利通过组织学生演讲来帮助学生增强自信的教学实践。24.WhatmadeChrisnervous?A.Tellingastory.B.Makingaspeech.C.Takingatest.D.Answeringaquestion.解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的“todayisspeechday...ChrisPalaez’sturn”和第二段中的“Buthe’snervous.”可知,克里斯在进行竞选演说时感到非常紧张。√25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“stumbles”inParagraph2referto?A.Improperpauses.B.Badmanners.C.Spellingmistakes.D.Sillyjokes.解析词义猜测题。根据文章内容可知,老师借助竞选演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己。文中克里斯·帕莱兹的母语不是英语,他学英语才三年多,说话不流利,而且他在演讲时非常紧张,所以说话磕磕绊绊,因此选A。√26.WecaninferthatthepurposeofWhaley’sprojectisto.A.helpstudentsseetheirownstrengthsB.assessstudents’publicspeakingskillsC.preparestudentsfortheirfuturejobsD.inspirestudents’loveforpolitics解析推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Whaleysaystheprojectisaboutmorethanjustlearningtoreadandspeakinpublic.Hewantsthesekidstolearntoboast(夸耀)aboutthemselves.”和最后一段的内容可知,老师让学生参加竞选演说不仅仅是让学生们学会在公开场合演说,更重要的是让他们发现自己的长处,从而树立自信。√27.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesWhaleyasateacher?A.Humorous.B.Ambitious.C.Caring.D.Demanding.解析推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知,当克里斯·帕莱兹发表竞选演说遇到问题时,老师耳语为他提示。文章最后两段解释了老师举办这项活动的初衷,我们可以判断这个老师是关心他人的人,因此选C。√PART2名师点津一、题型解读词义猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力,主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力,而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围,但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来,对于生词的理解是否准确,直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低,对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。词义猜测题的命题方式有:(1)Whatdoestheunderlinedword“...”probablymean?(2)Theword“...”refersto/probablymeans“”.(3)Theunderlinedword“...”couldbestbereplacedby“”.(4)Theunderlinedword“...”inParagraph...isclosestinmeaningto.(5)Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“...”standsfor?(6)Bysaying“...”wemean.(7)“...”usedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas.(8)Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“...”?二、解题技巧——巧用线索猜词义1.根据定义、释义或同位语进行猜测有些文章,特别是科技说明文,作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义,通过阅读定义和解释部分,考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。有时,需要猜测的单词或短语后面会紧跟一个同位语,作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。有时,文章会用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。例如:Taylor’sswiftactionhelpedherteammatescalmdown.Onegirlcalled911.Twomorerantogettheschoolnurse,whobroughtadefibrillator,anelectronicdevice(器械)thatcanshocktheheartbackintowork.Luckstayedwiththem:Paris’sheartbeatreturned.分析:所猜测单词defibrillator后面出现了同位语“anelectronicdevice(器械)thatcanshocktheheartbackintowork”(一个可以电击心脏使其重新工作的电子器械)来进行解释说明,我们可推知其词义应为“(心脏)除颤器”。2.根据构词法进行猜测英语中通过词根加词缀或两个单词合成的方式可以构成新词。因此,掌握了一定的构词知识,再结合上下文语境,也可以快速猜测词义。例如:Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworry.分析:根据构词法知识我们可知,un-为否定前缀,-ness为名词后缀,easy(舒适)为词根。因此,我们可知uneasiness为“不安;担忧”之意。3.根据因果关系进行猜测在阅读理解文章的句子或段落中,若两个事物或两种现象之间构成因果关系,这时我们可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推断词或短语的含义。表示因果关系的标志词有because,so,thus,therefore,asaresultof,since,sothat,so/such...that...等。例如:Mysoncouldnotfollowtheteacher’sdirections,hetoldme,andthus,Scolawasdisruptingtheclass.Didn’theknowmysondidnotspeakEnglishyet?试题:Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disrupting”probablymean?A.Breaking.B.Following.C.Attending.D.Disturbing.分析:画线单词所在的句子出现了因果关系标志词thus,由前面的原因“我儿子听不懂老师的指示”可以推知,“他因此认为我儿子斯科拉干扰了课堂”,故选D项。其余三项都不符合这一因果逻辑关系。4.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测在画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构,它往往暗示了该词或该短语的含义,这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词或短语的含义。常见的表示相同或相近意义的词和短语有and,or,like,aswell,similarly,too,also,either等。例如:Thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合作)withtheMuseoNacionalReinaSofiainMadrid,Spain,andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorDaliMuseuminSt.Petersburg,Florida.试题:Whatdoestheunderlinedword“contributions”referto?A.Artworks.B.Projects.C.Donations.D.Documents.分析:画线单词contributions前出现了and,可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了“thefineselectionofthemajorworks”(精选的重要作品),后面说contributions来自其他机构,由并列关系可以推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴,同时文中明确表示contributions是来自museum的,故选A项。5.根据反义、转折和对比关系进行猜测有些需要猜测词义的词或短语前后会出现表示转折或对比的词语,运用这些词语也可以帮助猜测词义。能体现转折、对比关系的词汇很多,常见的有but,yet,however,while,unlike,ins