Image-Schema

ImageSchema（意象图式）Johnson,Mark.1987.Thebodyinthemind:Thebodilybasisofmeaning,imagination,andreason.Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.世界认知的两个层面事物认识事物范畴其关系认识其关系意象图式含义：Animage-schemaisa“skeletal”mentalrepresentationofarecurrentpatternofembodied(especiallyspatialorkinesthetic)experience.意象图式是在对事物之间基本关系的认知的基础上所构成的认知结构类型：Center-peripheryschemaInvolvesaphysicalormetaphoricalcoreandedge,anddegreesofdistancefromthecore.Examples(English):Anindividual’ssocialsphere,withfamilyandfriendsatthecoreandothershavingdegreesofperipheralityContainmentschemaInvolvesaphysicalormetaphoricalBodilyexperience:humanbodiesascontainers.Structuralelements:interior,boundary,exteriorExamples：Theshipiscomingintoview.She’sdeepinthought.Westoodinsilence.CycleschemaInvolvesrepetitiouseventsandeventseries.Itsstructureincludesthefollowing:AstartingpointAprogressionthroughsuccessiveeventswithoutbacktrackingAreturntotheinitialstateTheschemaoftenhassuperimposedonitastructurethatbuildstowardaclimaxandthengoesthroughareleaseordecline.Examples(English)DaysWeeksYearsSleepingandwakingBreathingCirculationEmotionalbuildupandreleaseEnd-of-pathschemaAnimageschemainwhichalocationisunderstoodastheterminationofaprescribedpathExample(English):Inthefollowingsentence,itisunderstoodthatonemusttraversethehillbeforereachingSam’shome,whichisattheendofthepath:Samlivesoverthehill.ForceschemaInvolvesphysicalormetaphoricalcausalinteraction.Itincludesthefollowingelements:AsourceandtargetoftheforceAdirectionandintensityoftheforceApathofmotionofthesourceand/ortargetAsequenceofcausationExamples(English):Physical:Wind,GravityStructuralelements:force,path,entity,etc.Interaction,directionality,causalityCompulsionBlockageCounterforceDiversionRemovalofrestraintLinkschemaConsistsoftwoormoreentities,connectedphysicallyormetaphorically,andthebondbetweenthem.EntityAEntityBExamples(English):Achildholdinghermother’shandSomeonepluggingalampintothewallAcausal“connection”Kinship“ties”Part-wholeschemaInvolvesphysicalormetaphoricalwholesalongwiththeirpartsandaconfigurationoftheparts.Examples(English):Physical:ThebodyanditspartsMetaphorical:Thefamily;ThecastestructureofIndiaPathschemaInvolvesphysicalormetaphoricalmovementfromplacetoplace,andconsistsofastartingpoint,agoal,andaseriesofintermediatepoints.Examples(English):Physical:Paths;TrajectoriesMetaphorical:Thepurpose-as-physical-goalmetaphor,asexpressedinthefollowingsentences:Tomhasgonealongwaytowardchanginghispersonality.Youhavereachedthemidpointofyourflighttraining.She'sjuststartingouttomakeherfortune.Janewassidetrackedinhersearchforself-understanding.ScaleschemaInvolvesanincreaseordecreaseofphysicalormetaphoricalamount,andconsistsofanyofthefollowing:Aclosed-oropen-endedprogressionofamountApositionintheprogressionofamountOneormorenormsofamountAcalibrationofamountExamples:PhysicalamountsPropertiesinthenumbersystemEconomicentitiessuchassupplyanddemandVerticalityschemaInvolves“up”and“down”relations.Examples:StandinguprightClimbingstairsViewingaflagpoleWatchingwaterriseinatubAB