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专题十三构词法考向分析构词法包括合成法、派生法、转化法、缩写和简写,名列高考大纲的语法项目表之中,其中合成法和派生法是重点,特别是派生法,是每年高考的高频考点之一,例如,形容词的副词形式、动词的名词形式、名词的形容词形式等。一、合成法单句改错(2017课标全国卷Ⅲ)Butunlikeherschoolfriends,16-years-oldSarahisnotspendinghalf-termresting.16-years-old→16-year-old考点清单语境运用答案16-years-old→16-year-old在带有连字符的复合形容词中,名词应用单数形式,故16-years-old改为16-year-old。合成法是两个或两个以上的词按一定的规则合成一个新词的方法。这样的词被称为合成词。1.合成形容词用法精讲构成方式典例数词+单数名词two-hour两小时的,one-child独生子女的数词+单数名词+形容词atwo-meter-longruler一把两米长的尺子,aten-year-oldboy一个10岁的男孩数词+名词+-edfour-footed四只脚的,three-legged三条腿的形容词+名词full-time全日的,high-class高级的形容词/副词+形容词dark-blue深蓝的,light-green浅绿的形容词+名词+-edkind-hearted好心肠的,cold-blooded冷血的形容词/副词+动词-inghard-working勤奋的,good-looking长相好看的形容词/副词+动词-edready-made现成的,well-developed发育良好的名词+形容词worldwide世界各地的,ice-cold冰冷的名词+动词-ingpeace-loving爱好和平的,man-eating吃人的名词+动词-edhandmade手工制作的,man-made人造的2.合成名词构成方式典例名词+名词powerplant发电厂,chairman主席,postman邮递员形容词+名词blackboard黑板,highchair高脚椅,supermarket超市动名词+名词swimmingpool游泳池,sewingmachine缝纫机动词+副词take-off起飞,cut-off截止点,breakdown故障3.其他形式的合成词类别典例合成动词safeguard保卫,underline强调,sleepwalk梦游合成代词everybody每人,everything每件事,anyone任何人合成副词sometimes有时,outdoors在户外,meanwhile同时合成介词throughout遍及,inside在里面,within在……之内1.(2018课标全国卷Ⅱ)Atasteformeatisactually(actual)behindthechange:Animportantpartofitscornisusedtofeedchickens,pigs,andcattle.二、派生法(一)形容词转换为副词单句填空语境运用答案actually句意:对于肉类的喜爱实际上是这一变化背后的原因:中国的玉米有很重要的一个作用就是,用来饲养鸡、猪和牛。本题考查副词。此处需用副词作状语,故用actual的副词形式actually。2.Luckily(lucky),healsohadacowwhichproducedmilkeveryday.答案Luckily空格处作状语,用于修饰整个句子,故空格处填提示词的副词形式。3.Dr.BaronewasmydoctorwhenIwasakid,andeventhoughIwasprobably(probable)justanotherpatienttoher,tomeshewasmorethanjustmydoctor.答案probably空格处在句中作状语,故空格处填副词probably。单句改错4.(2016课标全国卷Ⅰ)Instead,hehopesthathisbusinesswillgrowsteady.steady→steadily答案steady→steadily句尾的词在句中作状语,用于修饰动词,故steady改为steadily。1.派生法是在词根上添加后缀或前缀来变成新单词的方法,这样构成的单词被称为派生词。添加后缀往往改变词性,而添加前缀往往改变词义。用法精讲2.形容词转换为副词的变化规则:构成例词一般情况加-lyquick—quickly,brave—bravely,immediate—immediately辅音字母+y结尾将y改为i再加-lyeasy—easily,happy—happily,heavy—heavily,busy—busily-le结尾去e加-ysimple—simply,gentle—gently元音字母+e结尾去e加-lytrue—truly-ll结尾只加-yfull—fully,dull—dully-ic结尾加-allybasic—basically,scientific—scientifically1.注意以下形容词变副词的拼写whole—wholly完全地shy—shyly害羞地dry—dryly干燥地good—well好地[温馨提示]2.注意以-ly结尾的形容词friendly友好的lovely可爱的lively生动的lonely孤独的deadly致命的monthly每月的yearly每年的daily每日的weekly每周的(二)形容词转换为名词单句填空Thelinehasalength(long)of174kmasadoubletrackedpassengerdedicatedline,withtenstationssituatedalongitsroute.答案length根据空前的冠词可知,空格处应该填提示词的名词形式。语境运用形容词变名词的常用后缀:用法精讲常用后缀例词-ageshort→shortage不足;短缺-cyefficient→efficiency效率;功效fluent→fluency流利;流畅accurate→accuracy准确性private→privacy隐私;私密-domfree→freedom自由;自主wise→wisdom明智;智慧-encedifferent→difference差异silent→silence沉默-nessweak→weakness虚弱;弱点kind→kindness仁慈;好意careless→carelessness粗心大意-thstrong→strength力气;优点warm→warmth温暖;热情-y-ty-ityhonest→honesty诚实difficult→difficulty困难cruel→cruelty残酷;残暴safe→safety安全disable→disability伤残responsible→responsibility责任(三)动词转换为名词单句填空语境运用1.(2018课标全国卷Ⅱ)Thisswitchhasdecreasedpollution(pollute)inthecountry'smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.答案pollution句意:这种变化已经减少了中国主要湖泊和水库的污染,使人们的饮用水变得更安全了。本题考查名词。空格处作decreased的宾语,故使用pollute的名词形式pollution。2.(2017课标全国卷Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithhereducation(educate).答案education考查词性转换。形容词性物主代词后面跟名词,故填education。3.(2017课标全国卷Ⅱ)Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththeintroduction(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.答案introduction考查名词。由空前的定冠词可知,此处需用名词形式,动词introduce去“e”加后缀-tion构成名词形式。4.(2016课标全国卷Ⅰ)Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstopattraction(attract).答案attraction考查词性转换。句意:但是对于像我这样的旅行者,熊猫是成都最吸引人的东西。根据语境可知此处应填名词。attractionn.吸引人的事物。 动词变名词的常用后缀:常用后缀例词-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationcorrect→correction改正celebrate→celebration庆祝;庆祝会conclude→conclusion结论;结束discuss→discussion讨论;辩论decide→decision决定admit→admission接纳;准许入学attract→attraction吸引invite→invitation邀请explain→explanation解释graduate→graduation毕业expect→expectation期望-er/-ordrive→driver司机;驾驶员gather→gatherer收集者;采集者teach→teacher老师announce→announcer播音员conduct→conductor指挥;售票员-mentpunish→punishment惩罚achieve→achievement成绩;成就argue→argument辩论;论据treat→treatment对待;治疗equip→equipment装备;设备govern→government政府-ance/-enceappear→appearance出现;外貌guide→guidance指引;指导perform→performance表演;节目exist→existence存在;生活prefer→preference偏爱refer→reference参考;查阅-inghear→hearing听力;听觉begin→beginning开始-ure/-turefail→failure失败press→pressure压力mix→mixture混合;混合物depart→departure离开;出发-yrecover→recovery恢复;痊愈discover→discovery发现其他choose→choice选择vary→variety多样化;种类tend→tendency趋向;趋势(四)动词转换为形容词单句填空语境运用1.(2017课标全国卷Ⅰ)However,becareful(care)nottogotoex-tremes.答案careful空格处作表语,结合空后的不定式可知,空格处填形容词。故填careful。2.Igavehimaquickhugandwentbackintotheseatingarea,leavinghimwithasurprised(surprise)smile.答案surprised空格处在句中作名词smile的定语,结合语境可知,空格处填surprised。3.Whilethereareamazing(amaze)storiesofinstanttransformation,formostofusthechangesaregradualandrequirealotofeffortandwork,likecleaningupapollutedriver.答案amazing空格处在句中作定语,用于修饰名词stories,故填amaz-ing。1.动词转换为形容词的常用后缀:常用后缀例词-ing,-ed,-able,-ful,-less,-iveamazed,confusing,reliable,enjoyable,forgetful,c