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专题八定语从句考向分析定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种,是三大从句中考查最频繁的从句,在语法填空和短文改错两种题型中均有涉及,考查的重点是that,which,who,whose,when,where等关系词的用法。一、关系代词引导的定语从句单句填空考点清单语境运用1.(2018课标全国卷Ⅰ)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014that/whichshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.答案that/which句意:该报告的其中两名作者在2014年还发表了一项研究,这项研究表明每天只跑步5至10分钟便可以降低患心脏病或由于各种原因导致过早死亡的危险。本题考查定语从句。先行词为study,指“物”;将先行词代入定语从句后为:Astudyshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseand...,由此可见关系词在定语从句中作主语,故填that或which。2.(2017课标全国卷Ⅰ)Likeanything,itispossibletohavetoomuchofboth,whichisnotgoodforthehealth.答案which考查定语从句。句意:和其他东西一样,两者都有可能食用过多,这对健康是没有好处的。设空处指代前面的一句话,引导非限制性定语从句,故填which。3.Myeldestson,whoseworktakeshimallovertheworld,isinNewYorkatthemoment.答案whose句意:我的大儿子现在在纽约,他的工作让他走遍世界各地。设空处引导的定语从句修饰先行词son,设空处在从句中作定语修饰work,所以要用关系代词whose。4.Thenumberofsmokers,asisreported,hasdroppedby17per-centinjustoneyear.答案as句意:正如报道的那样,吸烟的人数仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为整个主句的内容,关系词在定语从句中作主语,故填as。asisreported正如报道的那样。单句改错5.(2017课标全国卷Ⅱ)Intheirsparetime,theyareinterestedinplantingvegetablesintheirgarden,thatisontherooftopoftheirhouse.that→which答案that→which逗号之后是非限制性定语从句,先行词为garden,关系词在从句中作主语,故用which而不能用that引导非限制性定语从句。6.(2017课标全国卷Ⅲ)Aroundmeinthepicturearethethingstheywereveryimportantinmylifeatthattime:carmagazinesandmusicalinstru-ments.they→which/that答案they→which/thatthings为先行词,之后是定语从句,关系词在从句中作主语,因此应用which或that作为引导词,they改为which/that。1.关系代词that与which的用法辨析只用that的情况:(1)先行词是all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代词;(2)先行词被all,any,every,no,little(少),much,some等修饰;(3)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时;用法精讲(4)先行词被theonly,thevery(正好、恰好),thelast修饰;(5)先行词既有人也有物;(6)在以which或who开头的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。ThisistheveryfilmthatIwanttosee.这正是一部我想看的影片。Thefamouswriterandhisbookthatyoureferredtojustnowarewellknownnow.你刚才提到的那位著名作家和他的书现在非常有名。先行词指物时,只用which的情况:(1)引导非限制性定语从句;(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前。ThepresidentoftheWorldBanksayshehasapassionforChina,whichheremembersstartingasearlyashischildhood.世界银行主席说他对中国有一种情结,他记得这种情结始于他的童年。Theresultwasnotthesameastheyhadexpected,whichwasratherdisap-pointing.结果与当初他们预料的不一样,这让人觉得很失望。2.which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别whichas位置上只能放在先行词的后面位置灵活,可位于句首、句中,也可置于句末搭配上无动词的限制定语从句谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词,如see、hear、know、expect、remember等Shemarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.她再婚了,这是始料不及的。Shemarriedagain,asweexpected.正如我们预料的那样,她再婚了。3.其他关系代词的用法辨析关系代词先行词句法功能who人主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语whom人宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)whose(=ofwhom/ofwhich)人或物定语Eachgraduatestandingintheplayground,whowasaccompaniedbyaparent,wouldbeawardedadiplomabytheheadmaster.每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上,由校长给他们颁发文凭。Mydaughter,whosejobrequireshertodoalotoftravelling,isalwaysawayfromhome.我的女儿总不在家,她的工作需要经常出差。二、关系副词引导的定语从句单句填空1.Whenharvestcamearound,hewasalreadysellingherbs,vegetablesandcottoninthemarketwherepeoplefromthetownsmetregularly.语境运用答案where地点名词market为先行词,关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用where引导定语从句。2.Thereasonwhyanyofustakeanyrisksatallmighthavetodowithearlyhumans.答案why空前的reason为先行词,关系词在从句中作原因状语,故用关系副词why引导定语从句。3.I'vegottoapointinmylifewhereIknowIamsmartenoughtodiveintoanareathatistotallyunknown,hard,butinteresting.答案wherepoint为先行词,关系词在从句中作状语,故用where引导定语从句。单句改错4.(2018课标全国卷Ⅰ)Theyalsohadasmallpondwhichtheyraisedfish.which→where答案which→where或which前加in考查定语从句的关系词。先行词为asmallpond(一个小池塘),代入定语从句后可知关系词作地点状语,所以应该用关系副词where;关系副词可以相当于“介词+which”,所以根据定语从句的意思“他们在小池塘里养鱼”可知,在which前加in,构成inwhich(=where)引导的定语从句。三个关系副词引导的定语从句用法精讲关系副词先行词句法功能when时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语Ithassetupabigstageforyoungpeoplewithatalentformusic,wheresomehavestoodoutamongthem.它为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台,在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。Thereasonwhyhefailedintheexamwasthathedidn'tstudyhard.他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句单句填空语境运用1.Scientistshaveadvancedmanytheoriesaboutwhyhumanbeingscrytears,noneofwhichhasbeenproved.答案which句意:就人类为什么哭出眼泪科学家提出了许多理论,但没有一项理论得到过证明。先行词为theories,将先行词代入定语从句后可知关系词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语,故答案为which。2.In1963theUNsetuptheWorldFoodProgramme,oneofwhosepurposesistorelieveworldwidestarvation.答案whose句意:1963年,联合国成立了世界粮食计划署,这个组织的目标之一是减缓全球范围的饥荒。本题考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词是theWorldFoodProgramme,与定语从句中的purposes是所属关系,即theWorldFoodProgramme'spurposes,故填whose。单句改错3.Aliceaskedthepolicemanwithsheworkedtocontactherwhenevertherewasanaccident.with后加whom答案with后加whom先行词为policeman,指人,关系词在定语从句中作介词with的宾语,故应用whom作为定语从句的引导词。“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的两个考查点1.考查该结构中关系代词的选用若介词放在关系代词之前,关系代词指人时常用whom,指物时常用which。另外,whose也可以放在介词后,即“介词+whose+名词”结构,whose指人、物皆可。Withthefastdevelopmentofagriculture,thepeople,inwhosevillageshetaught10yearsago,havelivedahappylife.随着农业的快速发展,在她10年前教书的村子里,人们已经过上幸福的生活。用法精讲2.考查该结构中介词的选用(1)一般来说,确定关系代词前的介词,可以从以下三方面入手:先行词的意义;从句中动词的固定搭配;句子的意思。(2)表示“整体和部分关系”时,介词常用of。常见结构:①在some,any,few,little,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each等代词或数词后可以用ofwhich/whom。②“the+比较级或最高级”后用ofwhich/whom等。Thechildren,allofwhomhadplayedthewholedaylong,werewornout.孩子们玩了一整天,都累坏了。四、分隔式定语从句单句填空语境运用1.WereallyloveIndianfoodandsuchoccasionsareveryrarewhenwehavesomanyfoodsavailableatsuchlowprices.答案when空格处之前的先行词occasions指时间,且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语,故填when。单句改错2.IborrowedthebookSherlockHolmesfromthelibrarylastweek,whenmyclassma