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-1-ocumentsD—managingtheday-to-dayactivitiesoftheprojectisnecessaryforsuccessbutnotsufficient.Thischapterdescribeskeyaspectsoftheprojectmanagementcontextnotcoveredelsewherethisdocument.Thetopicsincludehereare:2.1ProjectPhasesandtheProjectLifeCycle2.2ProjectStakeholders2.3OrganizationalInfluences2.4KeyGeneralManagementSkills2.5SocioeconomicInfluences2.1ProjectPhasesandtheProjectLifeCycleBecauseprojectsareuniqueundertakings,theyinvolveadegreeofuncertainty.Organizationsperformingprojectswillusuallydivideeachprojectintoseveralprojectphasestoprovidebettermanagementcontrolandappropriatelinkstotheongoing-2-ocumentsD(a)determineiftheprojectshouldcontinueintoitsnextphaseand(b)detectandcorrecterrorscosteffectively.Thesephase-endreviewsareoftencalledphaseexits,stagegatesorkillpoints.(a)(b)phaseexitsstagegateskillpointsEachprojectphasenormallyincludesasetofdefinedworkproductsdesignedtoestablishthedesiredlevelofmanagementcontrol.Themajorityoftheseitemsare-3-ocumentsD:requirements,design,build,text,start-up,turnover,andothersasappropriate.SeveralrepresentativeprojectlifecyclesaredescribedinSection2.1.3.2.1.32.1.2CharacteristicsoftheProjectLifeCycleTheprojectlifecycleservestodefinethebeginningandtheendofaproject.Forexample,whenanorganizationidentifiesanopportunitythatitwouldliketorespondto,itwilloftenauthorizeafeasibilitystudytodecideifshouldundertakeaproject.Theprojectlifecycledefinitionwilldeterminewhetherthefeasibilitystudyistreatedasthefirstprojectphaseorasaseparate,stand-aloneproject.Theprojectlifecycledefinitionwillalsodeterminewhichtransitionalactionsattheendoftheprojectareincludedandwhicharenot.Inthismanner,theprojectlifecycledefinitioncanbeusedtolinktheprojecttotheongoingoperationsoftheperformingorganization.Thephasesequencedefinedbymostprojectlifecyclesgenerallyinvolvessome-4-ocumentsD:zWhattechnicalworkshouldbedoneineachphase(e.g.,istheworkofthearchitectpartofthedefinitionphaseorpartoftheexecutionphase?).zWhoshouldbeinvolvedineachphase(e.g.,concurrentengineeringrequiresthattheimplementorsbeinvolvedwithrequirementsanddesign).Projectlifecycledescriptionsmaybeverygeneralorverydetailed.Highlydetaileddescriptionsmayhavenumerousforms,charts,andcheckliststoprovidestructureandconsistency.Suchdetailedapproachesareoftencalledprojectmanagementmethodologies.-5-ocumentsD’ssoftwaredevelopmentlifecyclemayhaveasinglephasewhileanother’shasseparatephasesforfunctionalanddetaildesign.Figure2-1SampleGenericLifeCycleSubprojectswithinprojectsmayalsohavedistinctprojectlifecycles.Forexample,anarchitecturalfirmhiredtodesignanewofficebuildingisfirstinvolvedintheowne