Chapter-7.Formal-and-informal-style正式与非正式语体-ppt

PartSevenFormalandInformalStylesContents1.Themeaningofstyle2.Theelementsthatmakesastyle3.Tipstowriteamoreformalpaper1.Themeaningofstyle---awriter’shabitualorpeculiarwayofusinglanguage;---theprevalentfeaturesofthelanguageofacertainperiod;---thecharacteristicaspectsofthelanguageofacertaintypeofwriting;---thegraceoreleganceinwriting2.TheelementsthatmakesastyleThetone,vocabulary,andsyntax3.TipstowriteamoreformalpaperAvoidusingcolloquialandslangwords/expressionsDon’tuse:good,bad,fine,kid,guy,cool,lousy,…Insteadwemakethemclear,distinctive,andimpressivewords:adiligentstudent,aresponsiblehusband,afeasibleidea,anagreeableweather,acryingchild,anunscrupulous(无耻的，肆无忌惮的)exploitation,aretrospectivemanFormalwritingismorelikelytousewordsofLatinandGreekoriginthanwordsofGermanandOldEnglishorigin.eg.Lessformalwords:begin,deep,lucky,endv.,build,raise,clear,same,try,strangeMoreformalwords:commence,profound,fortunate,terminate,construct,elevate,explicit,identical,endeavor,eccentricAvoidcontractionsWriteoutfullwords–cannot,willnot,shouldnot,mustnot,donot…AvoidusingabbreviatedwordsUsefullversions:eg.photo,TV,sth,sb,ads,fridge,vet,bike,gym,pop…Thefollowingexpressionsareexpected:photograph,television,something,somebody,advertisement,refrigerator,veteran,bicycle,gymnasium,popular…Usepassivevoicee.g.Ithasbeennoticedthat…Itisestimatedthat…Therehasbeenanincreasinginterestin…Omitneedlesswordseg.Youknow,yousee,let’ssee,asIknow,well,Stateyourpointsconfidentlyandofferyourargumentfirmsupport.WriteinthirdpersonLongerandmorecomplexsentencesarepreferredAvoidaddressingreadersusingsecondpersonpronounsUse:one,one’s,thereader,thereader’s,etc.)Donotstartasentencewithacoordinatingconjunction.Use:“additionally,moreover,furthermore”insteadof“also”,“and”Use:“nevertheless,however”insteadof“but”Use:“alternatively”insteadof“or”eg.AlsoreadChaptersTwoandThree.Phrasalverbsarecolloquialandoftenusedinconversationalstyle.eg.goon,lookinto,comeacross,putupwith,getaway,turnout,giveout,setout,bringsb.indanger(Lessformal)Formalexpressions:continue/proceed,meet/encounter,bear/endure/tolerate,escape,produce/manufacture,distribute,depart,endangerTrytousejustonepowerfuladjectiveinsteadofusinganadjectiveandanadverb,andyourwritingwillbestronger.verygood---excellent”,“perfect”Verynice“---delightful“,“marvelous”,“glamorous”,“appealing”Verybad---terrible“,”awful”,”unsatisfied”“Verypoor”---”poverty,impoverished,inferiorquality”IninformalEnglishwhocanbeusedinsteadofwhomasanobjectinquestions.Who(Whom)didyouseeinthatroom?IninformalEnglishthatcanoftenbeleftoutbeforeanobjectclause,especiallyafterverbsofsayingorthinking.eg.Shesaid(that)shewouldcome.Hetoldme(that)helikedthehouse.Ithink(that)it’sagoodidea.Participalphrases(分词短语)aregenerallyusedinformalstyle.Changethefollowingintomoreformalsentences:eg.Whenthecaptainheardastormwascoming,hedecidedtoputoffthevoyage.(Lessformal)Havingbeenwarnedoftheimpendingstorm,thecaptaindecidedtoputoffthevoyage.Theteamwasbadlydefeatedinthematch,andtheyreturnedinlowspirits.(Lessformal)Badlydefeatedinthematch,theteamreturnedinlowspirits.Shedecidedtogohomeatonce.Sheknewhermotherwasanxiouslywaitingforher.(Lessformal)Shedecidedtogohomeatonce,knowingthathermotherwasanxiouswaitingforher.HowtoenlargeyourvaocabularyRead!Readingnotonlyhelpsimproveyourvocabulary,butalsohelpsyoudistinguishbetweenformalandinformalwriting.Useathesaurus！Ifyoufindthatyouareusingaparticularwordtoooften,youmaywanttoreplaceitwithanotherterm.Beapreparedman！Let’strytorewriteExercise1:RewritetheinformalletterintoaformaloneJohn,I’mlookingforajob,andI’veheardthroughthegrapevinethatyouneedaworkhorseforyourshop.Well,I’mthemanofthehour,asI’vegotalottooffer.I’mprettyhard-working,andI’mreallygoodaboutbeingontime.I’malsousedtoworkingbymyself.Anyway,tellmewhetheryouwanttogettogetherforaninterview,okay?Reference:Aformal,professionalletterDearJohn:Iunderstandthatyouarelookingforastrongworkertoassistyouinyourshop.IshouldappreciateconsiderationbecauseIamdiligent,punctual,andaccustomedtoworkingwithminimalsupervision.Pleasecontactmeifyouareinterestedinarranginganinterview.Ithankyouforyourtime.Respectfully,Exercise2RewritetheinformalparagraphintoamoreformaloneYouknowthatbookIwrote?Well,thepublishingcompanyrejectedit.Theythoughtitwasawful.Buthey,IdidthebestIcould,andIthinkitwasgreat.I’mnotgonnaredoitthewaytheysaidIshould.ForyourreferenceThisistoinformyouthatyourbookhasbeenrejectedbyourpublishingcompanyasitwasnotuptotherequiredstandard.Incaseyouwouldlikeustoreconsiderit,wewouldsuggestthatyougooveritandmakesomenecessarychanges.