马克思英文介绍

KARLHEINRICHMARX:EINEANALYSEDESSOZIALISMUSSebastian|ProfessorPanaccione|GERM1020-001ElementaryGermanIIKARLHEINRICHMARX:ANANALYSISOFSOCIALISMSebastian|ProfessorPanaccione|GERM1020-001ElementaryGermanII„SIESINDENTSETZTÜBERUNSEREZUTUNBEABSICHTIGTENTFERNTMITPRIVATEMEIGENTUM.ABERINDERBESTEHENDENGESELLSCHAFT,PRIVATEIGENTUMISTBEREITSFÜRNEUNZEHNTELDERBEVÖLKERUNG;DIEEXISTENZDERWENIGENAUSSCHLIEßLICHAUFGRUNDIHRERNICHT-EXISTENZINDENHÄNDENDERNEUN-ZEHNTEL.SIEWERFENUNSDESHALB,MITABSICHT,EINEFORMVONEIGENTUM,DIENOTWENDIGEVORAUSSETZUNGFÜRDERENEXISTENZISTDIENICHT-EXISTENZVONEIGENTUMFÜRDIEÜBERWIEGENDEMEHRHEITDERGESELLSCHAFT.“KarlMarx–TheCommunistManifesto“YOUAREHORRIFIEDATOURINTENDINGTODOAWAYWITHPRIVATEPROPERTY.BUTINYOUREXISTINGSOCIETY,PRIVATEPROPERTYISALREADYDONEAWAYWITHFORNINE-TENTHSOFTHEPOPULATION;ITSEXISTENCEFORTHEFEWISSOLELYDUETOITSNON-EXISTENCEINTHEHANDSOFTHOSENINE-TENTHS.YOUREPROACHUS,THEREFORE,WITHINTENDINGTODOAWAYWITHAFORMOFPROPERTY,THENECESSARYCONDITIONFORWHOSEEXISTENCEISTHENON-EXISTENCEOFANYPROPERTYFORTHEIMMENSEMAJORITYOFSOCIETY.”KarlMarx–TheCommunistManifestoWHOISKARLHEINRICHMARX?KarlHeinrichMarxwasa19thcenturyGermanphilosopher,politicaleconomist,historian,politicaltheorist,sociologist,journalist,andrevolutionarysocialist,whoseideasplayedasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofsocialscienceandthesocialistpoliticalmovement.TABLEOFEVENTS•KarlHirschelMarxwasborninTrier,Germany,SonofHirschelandHenriettaMarxMay5,1818•EnrolledintheTrierHighSchoolwherehestudiedphilosophyandsocialscience.•AttendedtheUniversityofBonnwiththeintenttostudyphilosophyandliterature.Instead,athisfathersinsistencestudiedlaw•AttendedtheUniversityofBerlinathisfathersrequesttocontinuethestudyoflaw.•StudiedthephilosophyofG.W.F.Hegelandotherradicalphilosophers.1818183018351836-1841TRIER,KINGDOMOFPRUSSIAGERMANYMarxwasbornMay5,1818inTrier,GermanywhichislocatedinthesouthwestofGermanynearLuxemburg.TrieristheoldestcityinGermanyfoundedinorbefore16BCandisrankedfourthamongthelargestcities.KARLMARX’SCHILDHOOD•KarlMarx’sfather;HerschelMarx,wasbornAshkenaziJewish,convertedfromJudaismtotheProtestantChristiandenominationofLutheranismtocontinuepracticinglawafteraPrussianorderdeniedJewsthebar.•KarlMarxwasprivatelyeducateduntil1830,whenhewasenrolledintheTrierHighSchoolwherehestudiedphilosophyandsocialscience.Theschoolwasraidedin1832bypolicebecauseoftheliberalhumanistviewstaughttothestudentsinangstofthePrussiangovernment.UNIVERSITYOFBONNANDUNIVERSITYOFBERLINLikehisfatherKarlMarxpursuedthestudyoflaw.MarxenrolledattheUniversityofBonn.WhileatBonn,Marx’sstudiesweredilutedbyhisfrolickingandirresponsiblelifestyle.Marxaccruedagreatdealofdebtandwasinjuredinaduel.HeinrichMarxpaidoffhissonsdebtsandinsistedonhisenrollmentatBerlinUniversity.•AtthemoreconservativeUniversityofBerlin,KarlMarx’sstudiesimproveddramatically.ItwasattheBerlinUniversitythathewasintroducedtothephilosophicalwritingsofG.W.F.HegelbyBrunoBauer,aoutspokenatheistandpoliticalradical.MarxlaterbecominginvolvedwithagroupofradicalthinkerstheYoungHegelians.INCONTRAST…•..theUnitedStatesfrom1820to1870propagatedasaconsequenceoftwomajorreformations:theSecondGreatAwakening,resemblingthereligiousmovementofGreatAwakeningintheeighteenthcenturyandthenaturalgoodnessofman;definedastranscendentalism.ReligionwasprobablytheforemostmotivatinginfluencebehindshapingthemethodofAmericanperception.Becauseofimmigration,theboom-and-bustcyclesofmarketeconomy,risinginequality,theincreaseofwesternsettlement,andterritorialexpansionintheUnitedStates,Americanshaddifficultykeepingupwithchangesthatwereperceivedasoutsideofone’scontrol.Socialreformmovementssuchastemperance,reformofpenitentiariesandasylums,antimasonry,abolitionandwomen’srightsweretheresultsofaperiodofreligiousrenewalintheUnitedStatesaftertheWarof1812.TABLEOFEVENTS•MarxengagedtoJennyvonWestphalen,daughterofaPrussianaristocrat.•Writingfictionandnon-fiction,Marxcompleteshisshortnovel,ScorpionandFelixandhisoneactplayOulanem•Marxcompleteshisdoctorialthesis,TheDifferenceBetweentheDemociteanandEpicuureanPhilosophyofNaturesubmittedtotheuniversityofJenaforhisPhD•MovestoColognetobeginwritingfortheradicalnewspaperRheinischeZeitung,liberal-democraticjournalsuppresedbythePrussianauthorities.1836183718411842TABLEOFEVENTS•PublishedOntheJewishQuestionandContributiontoCritiqueofHegel’sPhilosophyofRight•MarriesJennyvonWestphaleninBadKreuznach,Rhineland-Palatinate,Germany.•KarlMarxandJennymovetoParis.•InParis,MarxmeetsGermansocialistFriedrichEngels,radicalsonofaGermanindustralist•MarxwroteTheEconomicandPhilosophicalManuscripts•MarxandEngelspublishDieHeiligeFamilie–TheHolyFamily•MarxwroteThesisonFeuerbach1843184318441845KARLMARXANDFRIEDRICHENGELS•MarxandEngelmetinParisin1844.Theydiscoveredthattheysharedsimilarviewsofphilosophyandsocialism.AsEngelswroteaftertheirfirstmeeting“completeagreementinalltheoreticalfields.”DieHeiligeFamilie•DieHeiligeFamiliewaswrittenwithFriedrichEngelsasacritiqueontheYoungHegeliansandtheirschoolofthought.Marx’spublishersuggestedthetitleofthebook,TheHolyFamily,asasatiricalreferencetothe