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考点4主旨大意与篇章结构考点4主旨大意与篇章结构(1)标题类常见的设问方式:①Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe.②Thetext/passagecouldbeentitled.③Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?④Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?(2)主旨类常见的设问方式:①Thispassagechieflydealswith.②What'sthetopicofthearticle?③Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?④Withwhattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?⑤Themainidea/keypointofthispassageisthat...⑥Fromthepassageweknowthat...⑦Thestorymainlytellsusthat...⑧Whatdoesthewritermainlytellus?⑨Thelastparagraphischieflyconcernedwith.⑩Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?(3)篇章结构的设问方式:①Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?②Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructure/organizationofthepassage?③Thesecondparagraphisdevelopedby.④Thepassageismainlydeveloped/organizedby.⑤Howdoestheauthordevelopthepassage?1.归纳文章标题 典例1StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucks.Hisstrangehabitmakessensewhenyouconsiderthathe'sanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitter,includingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad.WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofStein'sjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbag.Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收银台).Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Amongthebagmakers'arguments:manycitieswithbansstillallowshopperstopurchasepaperbags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergytopro-duceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeuglytolookat,theyrepresentasmallpercentageofallgarbageonthegroundtoday.Theindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplace-ment:reusableshoppingbags.Thestrongerareusablebagis,thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However,longer-lastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagmustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.Environmentalistsdon'tdispute(质疑)thesepoints.Theyhopepaperbagswillbebannedsomedaytooandwantshopperstousethesamereusablebagsforyears.27.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.Plastic,PaperorNeitherB.Industry,PollutionandEnvironmentC.RecycleorThrowAwayD.GarbageCollectionandWasteControl思路点拨主旨大意题。本文论述的主要内容是塑料袋好还是纸质的袋子好。因此A项符合文章主题,意为“塑料(袋)、纸(袋)还是都不用”。答案A2.概括文章大意典例2Inthe1760s,MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享有)aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsommé.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup,Roze'schainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout,whichhelpedtoestablishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant.Today,scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutrestaurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat:dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食)whentheirplatesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone,customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.Lightingmatters,too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness,theycouldn'ttellhowmuchthey'dhad:thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse,butwerenonethewiser—theydidn'tfeelfuller,andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.Timeismoney,butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefast-foodplaces,finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspend.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround:putonsomeMozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical,ratherthanpop,musicwasplaying,dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect:dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草)stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon,ornoscent.Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—“bad”tables,crowding,highprices—don'tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables—nexttothekitchendoor,say—spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedabout‘bad’tables,”giventhatthey'reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant'sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet'spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.60.Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.C.Waystoimproverestaurants'reputation.D.Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.思路点拨主旨大意题。根据段落主题句确定段落主旨是最常用的方法。分析最后一段可知,本段第一句是本段主题句(同时,你可能以为会导致顾客减少消费的一些因素——不好的餐桌位置、拥挤的环境和价格高——都未必是对的),由此确定答案为D项。答案D3.篇章结构题——四步解题法 典例3WhyCollegeIsNotHomeThecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday‘sstudentsarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Forpreviousgenerations,collegewasadecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol;guidanceandsupportneededtocomefrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.Inthepasttwodecades,however,continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily,thankstocellphones,emailandsocialmedia,haveincreasedsignificantly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofco