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专题（十四）构词法考点一派生法英语构词法中在词根前面或后面加词缀,从而构成一个新词的方法叫作派生法。加在词根前的词缀叫前缀,加在词根后的词缀叫后缀。1.前缀（1）表否定意义的前缀前缀含义例词un-不happy→unhappy（不高兴的）friendly→unfriendly（不友好的）usual→unusual（不寻常的）able→unable（不能的）popular→unpopular（不流行的）（续表）前缀含义例词in-不active→inactive（不积极的）correct→incorrect（不正确的）expensive→inexpensive（不贵的）im-不polite→impolite（不礼貌的）patient→impatient（没有耐心的）possible→impossible（不可能的）（续表）前缀含义例词dis-不like→dislike（不喜欢）appear→disappear（消失）agree→disagree（不同意）non-不;非smoker→non-smoker（非吸烟者）human→non-human（非人类的）native→non-native（非母语的;非本地的）（2）其他前缀含义例词mis-错误;失误understand→misunderstand（误解）lead→mislead（误导）behavior→misbehavior（行为不端）re-又;再;重新view→review（复习）write→rewrite（重写）inter-相互;交互在一起net→Internet（互联网）national→international（国际的）connect→interconnect（相互关联）（续表）前缀含义例词tele-远phone→telephone（电话）vision→television（电视）en-使可能rich→enrich（使丰富）able→enable（使能够）a-使处于……情况live→alive（活着的）wake→awake（醒着的）sleep→asleep（睡着的）2.后缀形式后缀例词形容词→副词+-lywide→widelyquiet→quietlysad→sadlyslow→slowly以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词,变y为i,再加-lyhappy→happilyangry→angrily以“辅音字母+le”结尾的形容词,去掉e,再加-ysimple→simplyterrible→terribly少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e,再加-lytrue→truly（续表）形式后缀例词名词→形容词+-yrain→rainyhealth→healthywealth→wealthyluck→lucky+-lyweek→weeklylove→lovelyfriend→friendly+-ousdanger→dangerous+-fulcare→carefuluse→usefulhelp→helpful+-lessuse→uselesshelp→helplesscare→careless+-ernwest→westernsouth→southern+-engold→goldenwood→wooden+-alnation→national其他China→ChineseFrance→FrenchAmerica→AmericanCanada→CanadianAsia→Asiancentre→central（续表）形式后缀例词动词→形容词+-eddisappoint→disappointedinterest→interested+-ingfollow→followinginterest→interesting+-tiveact→activecreate→creative+-ableenjoy→enjoyablecomfort→comfortablesuit→suitable（续表）形式后缀例词形容词→名词+-nessill→illnesssad→sadnesskind→kindness+-ydifficult→difficulty+-ityable→abilitypossible→possibility+-ce（以t结尾的形容词去t,再加-ce）important→importancesilent→silencedifferent→difference（续表）形式后缀例词动词→名词+-erteach→teacherwin→winnerwork→worker+-oract→actorvisit→visitordirect→director+-ioninvite→invitationdecide→decision+-mentdevelop→developmentmove→movement+-ingfish→fishingread→readinghear→hearing+-istart→artistpiano→pianisttour→touristscience→scientist（续表）形式后缀例词其他serve（v.）→service（n.）courage（n.）→encourage（v.）hot（adj.）→heat（n.）safe（adj.）→safety（n.）high（adj.）→height（n.）→highly（adv.）考点二合成法英语中由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法叫作合成法。常见的合成法如下:（1）合成名词classroom（名词+名词）blackboard（形容词+名词）（2）合成形容词worldwide（名词+形容词）good-looking（形容词+现在分词）（3）合成动词overcome（副词+动词）（4）合成数词fifty-four（数词+数词）（5）合成代词everybody,somebody,anything（代词+名词）（6）合成副词downstairs（副词+名词）whole-heartedly（形容词+副词）（7）合成介词inside（介词+名词）within（介词+介词）into（介词+介词）考点三转化法英语中把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性,这种构词法叫作转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。常见的转化形式有:名词→动词,形容词→动词,动词→名词。（1）名词→动词show（n.展览;展示）→show（v.表演;展出）water（n.水）→water（v.浇水）speed（n.速度）→speed（v.加速）（2）形容词→动词slow（adj.慢的）→slow（v.放慢）（3）动词→名词walk（v.散步;走）→walk（n.散步）look（v.看）→look（n.看）talk（v.谈话）→talk（n.谈话）rest（v.休息）→rest（n.休息）break（v.打破）→break（n.休息）用所给词的适当形式填空。1.Emily'smotherdidn'tallowhertowatchherfavouriteprogrammeRunningMananditmadeher（happy）.2.I'mgladtohearthatmyfavourite（sing）hascometoourcity.3.Areyourparentsin（agree）thatyoucandealwithitbyyourself?4.Thisdressis（expensive）.Itwillnotcostyoumuch.5.It's（possible）toseparateDiaoyuIslandsfromChina.对接中考专练unhappysingeragreementinexpensiveimpossible6.Iboughtthecomputer（simple）becauseitwascheap.7.TheBrucefamilyhadtogiveupcampinginthePurpleMountainonsucha（fog）day.8.Ifyoudo（care）inthetest,youwon'tgethighmarks.9.Weshallnevermakesuchanimportant（decide）withoutmuchthought.10.Notall（wealth）peoplehavetowearexpensiveclothesandnotallcleverpeoplehavetowearglasses.对接中考专练simplyfoggycarelesslydecisionwealthy11.Foryour（safe）,smokingisnotallowedduringthewholeflight.12.Blueisa（peace）colour.Peopleoftenfeelquietinbluerooms.13.Asaguide,Imustpayattentiontoallthe（tour）safetyduringtheirtrip.14.EastonLaChappelle,a19-year-old（invent）,builtanarmbydevelopingmostofthepartsthrougha3-Dprinter.15.StephenHawkingiswidelyconsideredasoneofthegreatest（science）intheworld.对接中考专练safetypeacefultourists'inventorscientists16.Ididn'tsleepwellandstayed（wake）untiltheearlymorning.17.Haveyoueverheardofthefamoussaying“（silent）isgolden”?18.—Whatisthe（high）ofthatmountain?—About3,300metrestall.19.Insomecitiesinthe（north）partofChina,theairpollutionisveryserious.20.WhenPeterheardthe（surprise）news,hecouldn'thelpcrying.对接中考专练awakeSilenceheightnorthernsurprising【语法综合演练】内容见Word版资源：专题14