古希腊神话与宗教Religion-and-Myth--英美文化

AncientGreekCivilizationReligionandMythReporter:xuemeiQinReligionandmythwasasharedheritageofallGreeksandinseparablepartofbothprivateandpublicaffairs.InancientGreece,thecity-stateandreligioncouldnotbeseparated,forthefateofeachcommunitydependedonthecivicdeity.Publicritualsandfestivalsdrewtogetherthecitizens,infusedthemwithcivicpride,andremindedthemoftheircommonheritage.Twomajorcategories:1.ThepublicorstatereligionrepresentedbytheOlympianpantheon.2.Thepopularcultsormysteryreligions.•Itinvolves12gods,suchasZeus(宙斯)，Athena(雅典娜)weareknownetc.•InitweretheworshipsofDemeter(德墨特尔),Dionysus(狄俄尼索斯),andOrpheus(俄尔甫斯)•Thegodslivedonearthandwereassociatedwiththeseasons,cyclesofnature,andfertility.•TheydwelledonMountOlympus.TheOlympianreligionwaspolytheistic,involvingtwelvegods.TheOlympianReligion•Thegodsintervenedinhumanaffairs;theywerelikehumaninmanyrespects.•TheGreeksendowedtheirdeitieswithphysicalbodiesandindividualpersonalities,creatingafascinatingblendofcharmandcruelty,beautyandchildishness,loveofjusticeandcaprice.TheTwelveOlympianGods•TheKingofthegodsonMountOlympus.•RulerofMountOlympus.•Hurlingthunderboltsandpresidingoverthedivinecouncils.•Hehavesexualrelationshipswithbothmortalsandimmortals.Zeus(宙斯)TheTwelveOlympianGods•SheisthesisterandwifeofZeus.•Shewatchedoverwomanwhoappealedtoherforhelpandkeptacloseeyeonherwanderinghusband.Hera(赫拉)TheTwelveOlympianGods•HeisabrotherofZeus.•Heruletheseas,allwaters,andearthquakes.Poseidon(波塞冬)TheTwelveOlympianGods•HeisanotherbrotherofZeus.•Heguardtheallofintheunderworld.Hades(哈迪斯)TheTwelveOlympianGods•SheprotectedthehearthanditsscaredflameHestia(赫斯提亚)TheTwelveOlympianGods•ApolloisthesonofZeusandLetofairy.Apollo(阿波罗)•Hesymbolizedthesun.•Zeus’sfavoritesun,personifiedthevoiceofreason.TheTwelveOlympianGods•ArtemisandApolloaretwins.•Shewatchedoverchildbirthandguardedwildcreatures.Artemis(阿尔忒弥斯)TheTwelveOlympianGods•AresisthesonofZeusandHera.•Hedelightedinfiercebattles,andhepossessedaquicktemperandfewmorals.Ares(阿瑞斯)TheTwelveOlympianGods•Zeus’sdaughterandthegoddessofloveandbeautiful.•AphroditehasmarriedtoHephaestus,theuglyandlamesonofZeuswhowasmasterofsmithandthepatronofcraftspeople•Shewereadulterouslover.Shealwaysbetrayherhusband.Aphrodite(阿佛洛狄忒)TheTwelveOlympianGods•Ironically,HomerhasAphroditemarriedtoHephaestus,theuglyandlamesonofZeuswhowasmasterofsmithandthepatronofcraftspeopleAphrodite(阿佛洛狄忒)TheTwelveOlympianGods•SheisthegoddessofwisdomandpatrongoddessofAthens.•Shewasassociatedwithwarfare,arts,andhandcrafts.•Born:Athena(雅典娜)TheTwelveOlympianGods•SheisthegoddessofwisdomandpatrongoddessofAthens.•Shewasassociatedwithwarfare,arts,andhandcrafts.•Born:Athena(雅典娜)TheTwelveOlympianGodsHermes(赫尔墨斯)•Themessengerforhisfellowdeities.•Thepatronofthieves.•Thegodoftradeandgodfortune.•Themaincharacterizationofthisreligionsisthesecrecyassociatedwiththeparticularsoftheinitiationandtheritualpractice,whichmaynotberevealedtooutsidersMysteryreligions•Thegodsandgoddessesofmysteryreligionswereprobablyderivedfromancientearthandharvestdeities.Mysteryreligions•Atfirsttheywereworshippedonlybythelowerorders,butlatertheritualsspreadandwereintegratedintotheciviccalendar.•Thepracticesoriginallyinvokedthepowersoftheearthtoensureasuccessfulplantingandabountifulharvest.ThegodsofMysteryreligionsDemeter(德墨特尔)•AsisterofZeus.•Harvestgoddess.•ItissaidsheisrelatedoftheoriginofWinterThegodsofMysteryreligionsTheoriginofWinter•DemeterhadadaughternamedPersephone,whowasabductedbyHades(哈迪斯-冥王)，Demeterfinallyrescuedherdaughter,butnotbeforeHadeshadtrickedherdaughterintoeatingafruitthatmadeherreturntotheunderworldforthreemonthseachyear.Thus,duringthethreemonths,theearthisbare,thatiswinter.Butwhenshestayedwithherdaughter,theearthisfecundandthegrainsgrow.ThegodsofMysteryreligionsDionysus(迪俄尼索斯)orBacchus(巴克斯)•Anothername:Bacchus•Thegodofwine.•Worship:theworshippers,mostlywomeninthebeginning,gatheredonhillsatnightandbytorchlighttheydancedwildlywiththenoiseofflutes,winedrinking,andeventorewildanimalstopiecesanddevouredthemraw.ThegodsofMysteryreligionsTheoriginofwinedivine•Whenpeoplediscoveredhowtogrowthegrapeandtomakewine,theyfoundintoxicationdivine,andgavehonourtohe.•whilehewasstillaboy,hewastornintopiecesbyTitans,whoatehisallfleshbuttheheart.ZeusswallowedtheheheartandbroughtforththenewDionysus.•TheTitanswerestruckbyZeuswithlightning,fromwhoseashessprangthehumanrace.Somanwaspartlyofearth,andpartlyofheaven.ThegodsofMysteryreligionsOrpheus(俄尔甫斯)•OrpheuswasamythicalfigurewhohadbeentoHadestorescuehiswife.•Hewasalsoageniusofmusicwhoplayhislyreandtouchgods.•ButprimarilyOrpheuswasbelievedtobeapriestandaphilosopher。ThegodsofMysteryreligionsTheOrphicteaching(俄尔甫斯教教义)•Thenatureofmanwasbothgoodandbadinthatitconsistedofbodyandthesoul.Thebodywasofearth,thesoulwasofdivinity.•Toescapetheprisonofthebodyandbecomefreeformtheelements,purificationswerenecessary.•Bylivingapurelife,thedivinepartincreasedandtheearlypartdiminished.•InGreekculture,thereformedDionysuswaseventuallyadmittedintotheOlympianpantheonandcametorepresenttheirrational,emotional,andu