ProjectFinanceandCreditRiskManagement项目融资及信贷风险管理1.ProjectFinanceOverview项目融资简介2.CreditRisksinProjectFinance项目融资中的信贷风险3.CreditRiskManagement(FinancialRisks)信贷风险管理(财务风险)1CashFlowAnalysis现金流分析I(NPVandIRR净现值和内部收益率)2CashFlowAnalysis现金流分析II(IndividualCashFlows单个现金流)3StressTesting/Simulation压力测试/仿真模拟4.CreditRiskManagement(PoliticalRisks)信贷风险管理(政治风险)TableofContents目录1.ProjectFinanceOverview项目融资概况Basel’sDefinitionofPF(inshort)项目融资的Basel定义Asimplecash-flowstream简单的现金流量ThevalueofPFreliesonasimplecash-flowstreamgeneratedbyasingleprojectandthecollateralvalueoftheprojectassets:thesourceofthecash-flowmaybeasinglebuyerorconsumers.项目融资的价值在于简单的现金流量产生于单一的项目,以及项目资产的抵押价值:现金流的来源可能是一个买家或者客户。Non-orlimited-recourse没有资源或资源有限AnindependentSPEiscreatedtoholdtheprojectassetsandtointegratealllegalcontractsinaneffectiveandefficientmannerforfunding,buildingandoperatingasinglepurposeproject.SPEisownedbyoneorafewsponsorsanditishighlyleveraged.一个独立的项目公司建立的目的就是为了持有项目资产,集中所有法律合同进行有效和有效率的融资,建立和经营一个单一目的的项目。项目公司是被一个或者一些发起人拥有的,而且他的负债对资产比率很高。Riskallocation风险配置PFisusedforlarge,complex,andexpensiveindustrialfacilitiessuchasnaturalresourcesandinfrastructuresectors,whichinvolveaseriesoflegalcontractsinaverticalchainfrominputsuppliertooutputpurchaser.项目融资被用于大型,复杂及昂贵的工业设备上,例如自然资源和基础建设部分,涉及到从原料提供商到产成品采购方的垂直链上的一系列法律合同Basedon:InternationalConvergenceofCapitalManagementandCapitalStandards,BIS,2006,para221,222WhyPFStructure?Sponsors’Motivation为什么使用项目融资结构?发起人的动机Riskmitigation/Debtcapacity风险缓解/负债能力Byisolatingtheassetinastandaloneprojectcompany,projectfinancereducesthepossibilityofriskcontamination,thephenomenonwherebyafailingassetdragsanotherwisehealthysponsoringfirmintodistress.发起人可以把资产放在一个独立的项目公司中,项目融资降低了风险的可能性,否则其他不良资产可能会导致整个公司都进入困境。Thesponsorcanpreservecorporatedebtcapacity.发起人可以保障公司的借债能力Tocreateassetspecificgovernancestructure可以建立明确的资产管理结构Separatelegalincorporation,whichassumesaspecificprojectandfewgrowthoptions,reducesboththecostofmonitoringmanagerialactionsandassessingperformance,andwastefulexpendituresandsub-optimalreinvestment.单独设立法人企业,各自承担一个项目,降低了各自的监管,评价成本,节约了浪费的费用,和次优再投资。Deterrentagainststrategicbehaviorbythethirdparties可以威慑第三方的战略行动Sponsorcaninvolvethecriticalpartiesfortheproject,includingthepublicsector,asshareholderstopreventfutureconflict.发起人可以把重要的合作方,例如公共部门纳入项目中,例如作为项目的股东,这样可以防止将来的冲突Byinvolvinginternationalbanksandmultilateralagencieswhoseinterestissolelyincash-flowmaximizationbytheproject,thesponsormaypreventharmfulactionbythehostgovernment.发起人可以把国际银行,国际代理纳入项目公司,他们的利益会由项目而达到最大化,这样发起人就有可能防止当地政府的有害行为Basedon:TheEconomicMotivationsforUsingProjectFinance,BenjaminC.Esty,2003PFvs.CorporateFinance项目融资vs.公司金融ProjectFinance项目融资Limitedornon-recourse资源有限或者没有资源Simplecash-flowstructureproducedfromoneindependentwasteasset由单一资产产生的单一现金流结构High-leverageatbeginning,butgettinglowertowardtheendofthedebtrepayment初期较高的财务杠杆,但在债务偿付之后逐降低Relativelyafewlayersofdebtandequitystructure(simpleownership)相对较少的债务和权益结构(单一所有权)Appliedtoprojectsattainingascaleofeconomy适用于达到规模经济的项目CorporateFinance公司金融Fullrecourse充足资源Complicatedcash-flowstructureproducedfromasetofvarious,replaceableprofitmakingprojects由一系列可替代的盈利项目产生的复杂的现金流结构Leveragedependsonacompany’stargetcapitalstructure财务杠杆取决于公司的目标资本结构Variouslayersofdebtandequitystructure(complicatedownership)较多层次的债券和权益结构(复杂的所有权)Appliedtoallprofitmakingbusinesstypes适用于所有盈利企业类型TypicalStructureofConventionalPF典型的传统项目融资结构Off-takepurchaser包销商Inputsupplier投入供应商Operator运营商Projectcompany项目公司(SPE)Contractors承包商Lenders借款人Sponsors发起人Central/localGovernment中央/地方政府ConcessionAuthority特许权许可Insurers保险公司ShareholdersAgreement股东协议Equity所有者权益LoanAgreement借款合同Debt借款ConstructionAgreement建造合同License/permit专利权/许可权ConcessionAgreement特许权合同Insurance保险Off-takeagreement包销协议Supplyagreement供应合同Operation/maintenanceAgreement运营/维护合同Power/utility电力/动力Multilateral/bilateralagencies多方/双方代理Equipmentsuppliers设备供应商2.CreditRisksinProjectFinance项目融资中的信贷风险•Fire•Flooding•Earthquake•Volcano•Disease•Strike•Insurrection•Terrorism•WarForceMajeureEventsPoliticalRisks•Corruption•Legal/regulatory-irregularities•License/Permit•Concession•Taxes•Equity-holding•Currency-inconvertibility•Expatriation•Preemption/priority•Breachofcontract•Foreignworkerlimitation•Lawenforcement•Construction•Facilitysite•Equipment•Technology•Off-take•Input•Operation•Utility•Collateral•Mineralreserves•ReportingaccuracyContractualRisksCommercialRisksCreepingExpropriationOutrightExpropriationNaturalDisaster•Expropriation•Confiscation•NationalizationWar&CivilDisturbancesFinancialRisksMarketRisksCivilMovements•Environment•Humanrights•CSR•Religion•Nationalism•Globalization•Interestrate•Exchangerate•Inflationrate•Laborcost•Productmarket•Inputmarket•SalvagecostProjectFinanceCreditRisksOverview•火灾•水灾•地震•火山•疾病•罢工•暴动•恐怖活动•战争不可抗力政治风险•腐败•法律/法规-不合法•专利权/许可权•特许权•税赋•持股经营•货币-不可转换•派遣•优先购买权/优先权•合同违约•外籍员工限制•执法•建造•场地•设备•技术•生产包销协议•投入•运营•动力•抵押•矿产储量•报告的正确性合同风险商业风险间接征用征用自然灾害•征用•没收•国有化战争及民间干扰金融风险市场风险•利率•汇率•通货膨胀率•人工成本•产品市场•产出市场•回收成本项目融资的信贷风险-概况民间运动•环境•人权•企业社会责任•宗教•民族主义•全球化3.CreditRiskManagement信贷风险管理(FinancialRisks金融风险)3.1Cash