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语法专题（十）非谓语动词【中考考点】(1)动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语、状语以及和疑问词连用构成不定式短语的基本用法。(2)动词不定式作主语、定语和表语的基本用法。(3)动名词的用法。(4)现在分词和过去分词的用法。不定式有两种,即带to的不定式(to+动词原形)和不带to的不定式。动词不定式的否定结构为“nottodosth”。考点一动词不定式【注意】它没有人称和数的变化。1.作主语常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语(动词不定式)置于句末。常用句型结构为“It's+adj./n.+(for/ofsb)+todosth”。Toasktheteacherforhelpisnecessary.=Itisnecessarytoasktheteacherforhelp.向老师寻求帮助是有必要的。2.作宾语(1)后接不定式作宾语的动词或短语有want,try,decide,hope,need,wish,agree,expect,refuse,learn,remember,forget,wouldlike/love等。Ihopetherebeforebeingdark.我希望天黑以前到那儿。(2)在think,find,make等动词后通常用it作形式宾语,而将不定式后置,构成“主语+谓语+it(形式宾语)+宾语补足语(形容词/名词)+不定式”结构。Ifounditdifficulttosolvetheproblem.我发现解决这个问题很难。toget3.作宾语补足语(1)后面能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词或短语有tell,ask,allow,want,help,wish,teach,warn,invite,wouldlike,encourage等。TheteachertoldusExercise1.老师告诉我们做练习一。(2)使役动词let,make,have和感官动词see,hear,watch,notice,feel等后要用不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。但是,当上述动词变为被动语态时,其后的不定式必须补上to。Weoftenhearhersing.我们经常听见她唱歌。被动语态:Sheisoftenheardtosing.todo4.作状语常见的状语有目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。Mr.LeewillgotoHangzhoutovisittheWestLake.李先生将会去杭州参观西湖。(作目的状语)5.作定语动词不定式作定语时,放在被修饰的名词的后面,作后置定语。Idon'thaveapartnertopractiseEnglishwith.我没有一个一起练习英语的同伴。6.作表语Theirdutyistheanimals.他们的职责是照看动物。7.“疑问词+不定式”结构动词不定式可以和what,which,when,where,how等疑问词连用,构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等。Hedoesn'tknow.他不知道要穿什么。(作宾语)tolookafter/takecareofwhattowear考点二动名词动名词由“动词原形+-ing”构成,但有不规则形式。动名词既有动词的性质,也有名词的性质。1.作主语动名词作主语和动词不定式作主语,在很多情况下可以通用。Playing/Toplaycomputergamestoomuchisbadforyoureyes.过度地玩电脑游戏对你的眼睛有伤害。2.作宾语常接动名词作宾语的动词或短语有enjoy,finish,consider(考虑),miss,keep,mind,practise,suggest,bebusy,feellike,giveup,can'thelp,avoid,beusedto,beworth,beafraidof,beproudof,beinterestedin,can'tstop,keep/stop…from,lookforwardto,putoff,havefun,haveproblem/difficulty等。Haveyoufinishedthebook?你读完这本书了吗?reading3.作表语Thenurses’jobisthepatients.护士的工作是照顾病人。4.作定语Ioftengotothe.我经常去阅览室。【注意】有些动词(短语)后既可接不定式又可接v.-ing形式,但表达的意义不同。常见结构:(1)stoptodosth停下来去做另外一件事(不定式作目的状语)stopdoingsth停止做某事(v.-ing作宾语)(2)trytodosth试图(企图)做某事;尽力做某事trydoingsth尝试着做某事lookingafter/takingcareofreadingroom(3)forgettodosth忘记要做某事(还没做)forgetdoingsth忘记做过某事(已做)(4)remembertodosth记着要做某事(还没做)rememberdoingsth记得做过某事(已做)(5)goontodosth做完一件事后继续做另外一件不同的事goondoingsth继续做原来所做的事(6)sthneeddoing(某事)需要做(被动含义)needtodosth需要去做某事(主动含义)考点三分词(现在分词及过去分词)分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词(v.-ing)有主动、进行之意;过去分词(v.-ed)有被动、完成之意。1.作定语Chinaisacountry.Americaisacountry.中国是一个发展中国家。美国是一个发达国家。IknowtheboycalledLiMing.我认识那个叫李明的男孩。2.作表语Thebookisinteresting.I'minterestedinit.这本书很有趣。我对它感兴趣。developingdeveloped3.作宾语补足语Isawhergoingupstairs.我看见她正在上楼。Iwanttohavesomephotostaken.我想拍一些照片。4.作状语Laughingandtalking,theywentintotheroom.他们有说有笑地走进了房间。5.现在分词与过去分词的区别(1)在语态上,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。therulingpeople统治阶级theruledpeople被统治阶级(2)在时间上,现在分词表示正在进行的动作,过去分词表示已经完成的动作。thedevelopingcountry发展中国家thedevelopedcountry发达国家6.易混结构使役动词(make,keep,let,have等)易混结构的区分。如havesbdoingsth与havesthdone的区别:(1)havesbdoingsth意为“让某人一直做某事”,doing这个动作具有持续性。Thebosshadtheworkersworkingallday.老板让工人们工作了一整天。(2)havesthdone意为“让某人做某事”,相当于asksbtodosth,done表示让他人完成,有被动之意。Ihadmycomputerrepairedyesterday.昨天我让人修理了我的电脑。中考真题演练1.[2018·北部湾]Ourteacheroftentellsusintheriver.It'sdangerous.A.notswimB.nottoswimC.toswimD.swimming2.[2018·梧州]Jimwenttothelibrarysomesciencemagazinesyesterday.A.borrowB.borrowsC.toborrowD.borrowedBC中考真题演练3.[2018·贵阳改编]Chineseparentsalwaystrytheirbestagoodeducationenvironmentfortheirkids.A.provideB.toprovideC.providingD.provided[答案]B[解析]考查非谓语动词。tryone'sbesttodosth“尽某人最大努力做某事”。故选B。中考真题演练5.[2018·绥化改编]Wouldyouminddownthemusic?It'stoonoisy.A.turningB.turnC.toturnD.turned6.[2018·绥化改编]Mymotherdoesn'tallowmeoutsidetoolateonschoolnights.A.tostayB.stayC.stayingD.stayed[答案]5.A6.A[解析]考查非谓语动词。allowsbtodosth是固定搭配,此时动词不定式作宾语补足语。故选A。中考真题演练7.[2018·绥化改编]PeoplearesupposedhandswhentheymeetforthefirsttimeinAmerica.A.shakingB.shakeC.toshakeD.shook8.[2018·长春]Igotomygrandparents'homewiththeirhouseworkeverySunday.A.helpB.helpedC.tohelpD.helpingCC中考真题演练9.[2018·百色]—Tom,whyhaveyoudecidedChinesefolkmusicasacourse?—BecauseIlikeChinesecultureverymuch.A.takeB.takenC.takingD.totake10.[2018·兰州]Bob'sfathercan'tstandsoapoperas.HeenjoyssportsgamesonTV.A.watchB.towatchC.watchedD.watchingDD中考真题演练11.[2018·兰州]Everymorning,Timoftenseesgroupsofmiddle-agedwomeninthesquare.A.danceB.todanceC.dancesD.danced12.[2018·广东]Afterlongyearsofwar,manypeopleinSyriaarehomeless.Ithinkitimportantapeacefulworld.A.buildB.notbuildC.tobuildD.nottobuild[答案]11.A[解析]考查非谓语动词。seesbdosth表示“看见某人做某事”,为固定用法。故选A。12.C[解析]考查非谓语动词。本题中it为形式宾语,不定式tobuild…作真正的宾语。故选C。中考真题演练13.[2018·盘锦]Evanshadasorethroat.Hisfriendadvisedhimsomehotwater.A.drinkingB.drinkC.todrinkD.drank[答案]C[解析]考查非谓语动词。advisesbtodosth意为“建议某人做某事”。故选C。中考真题演练14.[2018·阜康、米泉]—Doyoustillrememberthisgroupoffriendsin2013?—Yes.ButIforgotwhereIthem.A.seeing;meetB.tosee;metC.seeing;metD.seeing;meeting[答案]C[解析]考查非谓语动词和宾语从句。rememberdoingsth记得做过某事;remembertodosth记得去做某事。根据时间状语in2013可知这是记得过去做过的事,故第一空用动名词seeing。第二空根据主句谓语forgot可知,宾语从句也用一般过去时,故用met。故选C。中考真题演练15.[2018·哈尔滨改编]—I'mconsideringabroadforfurtherstudy,butIhaven'tdecidedyet.—You'dbetteraskyourEnglishteacherforsomeadvice.A.goB.togoC.wentD.goin