2021高考英语一轮复习 语法 第八讲 定语从句和名词性从句课件 新人教版

一定语从句[高考感悟]A组单句语法填空1．[2019·北京卷]Thestudentsbenefittingmostfromcollegearethose________aretotallyengaged(参与)inacademiclife,takingfulladvantageofthecollege'schancesandresources(资源)．答案与解析：who考查定语从句的引导词。先行词为those，指大学生们，故用who引导定语从句，who在从句中作主语。2．[2019·全国卷Ⅱ]NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield,________sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.答案与解析：which考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，thepetshop是先行词，定语从句中缺少opened的宾语，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。3．[2019·全国卷Ⅲ]Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmasters________hadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.答案与解析：who考查定语从句引导词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指人的先行词theirmasters，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。4．[2018·天津卷]Kate,________sisterIsharedaroomwithwhenwewereatcollege，hasgonetoworkinAustralia.答案与解析：whose句意为：凯特去澳大利亚工作了。上大学期间我和她妹妹住同一房间。本题考查定语从句。先行词为Kate，将先行词代入定语从句后为：IsharedaroomwithKate'ssisterwhenwewereatcollege.由此可见，关系词在定语从句中作定语，先行词指人，故填关系代词whose。5．[2018·全国卷Ⅱ]Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014________showedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.答案与解析：that/which此处用that/which引导定语从句修饰先行词study。6．[2018·全国卷Ⅲ]TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005—whenthegovernmentstartedasoil­testingprogram________givesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers—and2011,fertilizerusedroppedby7.7milliontons.答案与解析：that/which根据语境“...givesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers”修饰“asoil­testingprogram”，先行词表示物，关系代词作定语从句的主语，用that或者which。7．[2018·北京卷]Sheandherfamilybicycletowork,________helpsthemkeepfit.答案与解析：which句意为：她和家人都骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。本题考查定语从句。根据题干可知，从句修饰的是前面的整句话，“她和家人骑自行车上班”这件事充当了定语从句中的主语成分，且此定语从句前出现逗号，是非限制性定语从句，所以用which引导。B组单句改错1．[2019·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错]OneafternoonwhereIwasinprimaryschool,Iwaswalkingbytheschoolplayground.________答案与解析：where→whenoneafternoon是表示时间的名词，后面的定语从句应用when引导。2．[2019·全国卷Ⅲ]Inthecafe,customerswillenjoythemselvesinthehistoricalenvironmentwhatiscreatedforthem.________答案与解析：what→that/which先行词是thehistoricalenvironment，定语从句中缺少主语，故用that或which。what可以引导名词性从句，但不可以引导定语从句。3．[2018·全国卷Ⅰ]Theyalsohadasmallpondwhichtheyraisedfish.________答案与解析：which→where或which前加in先行词是表示地点的名词，后面的定语从句应用where或inwhich引导。[考点研析]考点一关系代词引导的定语从句1．that,which引导的定语从句(1)which指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseumthat/whichhadbeenconstructedthreeyearsbefore.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。(2)限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用which的情况：①先行词为不定代词anything,nothing,something,everything,all,some,none,little,few,theone等时。Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomethingthatwassomeoneelse'sfault.我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。②先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinGuilinwasElephantTrunkHill.他们在桂林游览的第一个地方是象鼻山。③先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,thesame,any,every,each,few,little,no,some,all等修饰时。TheonlypartofthemealthatIreallylikedwasthedessert.这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。④先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。Theywillneverforgetthethingsandpersonsthatthey'veseenorheardofduringtheirlongjourney.他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。(3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况：①关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。Theboywasawayfromhomeforaweek,whichworriedhisparentsverymuch.这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。②当从句中的介词提前，构成“介词＋关系代词”结构时。Weliveinanageinwhichmoreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。2．who,whom和whose引导的定语从句(1)who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom在从句中作宾语；两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。作主语时，who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。I'vebecomegoodfriendswithLiHuawho/whom/thatImetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.我与在英语演讲比赛中结识的李华成了好朋友。IhavemanyfriendstowhomI'mgoingtosendpostcards.我有很多朋友，我打算寄给他们贺卡。(2)whose表所属关系，既可指人也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于ofwhich；指人时相当于ofwhom。Theschoolshop,whosecustomersaremainlystudents，isclosedfortheholidays.这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生，放假时商店关门。【名师指津】关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。①Tomistheonlyoneoftheengineerswhohascomeupwiththesolution.汤姆是想出解决方法的唯一工程师。②Tomisoneoftheengineerswhohavecomeupwiththesolution.汤姆是想出解决方法的工程师之一。3．as引导的定语从句(1)as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/thesame＋先行词＋as...”结构中。SuchmachinesasareusedinourworkshoparemadeinChina.像在我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。【名师指津】which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。[2017·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达]Therefore,thistimeIwillintroduceTangPoetrytoyou,whichisofgreathelpinlearningChinese.因此，这次我将向你介绍唐诗，这将有助于你学习汉语。(2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，定语从句说明整个句子，可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：asthesayinggoes,asissaidabove,asismentionedabove,asoftenhappens,asisoftenthecase,asisreportedinthenewspaper等。Shehasbeenabsentforthemeetingagain,asisexpected.她又缺席会议了，这在预料之中。◎即学即练(单句语法填空)1．[2019·浙江卷]AschoolinIrelandhasintroducedaninterestingnewuniform.Ontheedgeofthejacket,thereisapieceofcloth________givesofflightinthedark.答案与解析：that/which考查定语从句。空格后面的内容用来修饰apieceofcloth，而且在从句中作主语，所以用that或which来引导。2．[2020·兰州诊断考试]“The‘fournewgreatinventions’areallrelatedtoChina'shigh­techinnovation,________improvedthequalityofpeople'slives，”saidWuHao,executivedirectoroftheBRRI.答案与解析：which考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词为Thefournewgreatinventions，且从句缺少主语，故填which。3．[2019·武汉市4月调研]Theancienttradition,________dateisdeterminedbythelunarcalendarandfallssomewherebetweenJanuary21andFebruary20eachyear,isthelongestandmostimportantofallChinesefestivals.答案与解析：whose考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，本句是一个非