培育战略性新兴产业的政策选择_风能产业国际政策经验的比较与借鉴

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(20113)3:(70803049),(0801131601)。:2010-10-14:(1978-),,,,;:、。———,(,100190)PoliciesforCultivatingStrategicEmergingIndustry———theComparisonandImplicationofInternationalWindIndustryChengYu,WangShengguang(InstituteofPolicyandManagement,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100190,China)Abstract:Thispaperanalyzesthedevelopmentprocessesandrulesofnewemergingindustry.Basedonthetwotheoriesoftechnologicaltransitionandnewemergingindustry,strategicnichemanagementandsocio-technicallandscape,itillustratesthepolicysystemandpolicyrouteforcultivatingnewemergingindustry.Takingwindindustryasexample,itsynthesizesthedevelopmentprocessandpolicyexperienceofDenmark,Germany,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStatesandNetherlands.Itconcludesthattechnologybreakthroughcan’tguaranteetheboomingofnewemergingindustry,whichneedsboththesupportofstrategicnichemanagementandpoliticalcommitmentandsocialacceptance.Keywords:strategicemergingindustry;windpowerindustry;policy;techno-economicsparadigms:,,。,、、、、,。,,、“”,。:;;;:F403.6:A,、、。。,,;、,、。,。146--(20113)3101500,、、“”;20131050“”;8821156;20126;2011—20205。,,。11.1,,。,。Nelson、Winter、Dosi、Metcalfe,、。。。,。,;,,。。,、,。,,,。。、,、,[1]。,,。,“”,,[2]。,,,。,;,。。,,、、。,、、,。1.2,。、、、,[3]。,、。,。,。(StrategicNicheManagement),、。,、、、[4]。“”(,),。。,147--(20113)31·····、·、················、。Schot(1996),、[5]。(Socio-technicalLandscape),[4]。,;,。Scott(1995)、,[6]。,,,、、。,,,(1)。。,。,,、。。2,。2070,,,。,、、、、(2)。、、、、、,。、、,。2.1,。,(ECN),。,,,、[7]。,19887(、)。“”,148--(20113)3220083180MW23903MW3241MW25170MW2225MW20%7%1%2%3%58-62/KWH70-105/KWH110-120/KWHR&D1976;1984-19993431974;1991-19993011991-199936719811.4,40001976;1974-2003330%;20%-40%20%-45%50%-55%35%;700010;9.2/KWH1993121.510/(10);10%17.5%6%;1979;85%;199190%(20);3%,1010.4%13-14/KWH,20.3/KWH;0.27DKK/KWH;“”10%;;10KWH“”,5/KWH70%19791998Underwriters;;;;;;;;;;;80%;90%;;;[8]。94.5%[9],。。,,149--(20113)3[10];。20。,,。,。,。1974—2003,,。,,、、“”[8]。1979,Riso,,。2.2,“”,208095%。:,,;,;1996,[7]。,,,。,2003Largewey,。,1986,;1992(PTC),1999、20012003PTC,2000、20022004[11]。,198567%,199965%。,,2008,,50%。,,。《》《》,20。(Feed-inTariff,FIT),。,。,,。、、,,,,。,,,。,、、、、,。,Vestas,12.5%;,Enercon,。,。,,。,、,。,,。,150--(20113)3,75%。2.3,。,、。,,80%~90%[12-13]。,,。,、,,。,。,[14]。,,,。、,,、。3,70%。2009,21581,2580.53,,16%。70,、。,。80%,,;、,1/3,0.8%;,0.382/0.6101/,。、、、,、、、、。,,。,,。,。,,、、、、。,,、,。,“”、,、。,,40%。20097,《》,,。。,,、、,,。,。,、、,,、,,。,151--。,,,。:[1]Jacobsson,S.,Bergek,A.Transformingtheenergysector:theevolutionofthetechnologicalsystemsinrenewableenergytechnology[J].IndustrialandCorporateChange,2004,13(5):815-849.[2]Utterback,J.M..MasteringtheDynamicsofInnovation:HowCompaniesCanSeizeOpportunitiesintheFaceofTechnologicalChange[M].Boston,Massachusetts:HarvardBusinessSchoolPress,1994.[3]Geels,F.W..Technologicaltransitionsasevolutionaryreconfigurationprocesses:amulti-levelperspectiveandacasestudy[J].ResearchPolicy,2002,(31):12571274.[4]Raven,R.P.J.M..Strategicnichemanagementforbiomass[D].EindhovenUniversityofTechnology,Thesis,2005.[5]Schot,J.W.,Rip,A..Thepastandfutureofconstructivetechnologyassessment[J].TechnologyForecastingandSocialChange,1996,(54):251-268.[6]Scott,W.R..InstitutionsandOrganizations[M].California:ThousandOaks,1995[7]Bergek,A.,Jacobsson,S..Theemergenceofagrowthindustry:acomparativeanalysisoftheGerman,DutchandSwedishwindturbineindustries[A].InS.MetcalfeandU.Cantner(eds),Change,TransformationandDevelopment[C].Heidelberg:Physica-Verlag,2003.197-228.[8]Spencer,J.W.,Murtha,T.P.,Lenway,S.A..Howgovernmentsmattertonewindustrycreation[J].AcademyofManagementReview,2005,(30):2,321-337.[9]Nemet,G.F..Demand-pull,technology-push,andgovernment-ledincentivesfornon-incrementaltechnicalchange[J].ResearchPolicy,2009,(38):700-709.[10]Garud,R.,Karn覬e,P..Bricolageversusbreakthrough:distributedandembeddedagencyintechnologyentrepreneurship[J].ResearchPolicy,2003,(32):277-300.[11],.:、[J].(),2010,(1):3-20.[12]Ibenholt,K..Explaininglearningcurvesforwindpower[J].EnergyPolicy,2002,(30):1181-1189.[13]Szarka,J..Windpower,policylearningandparadigmchange[J].EnergyPolicy,2006,(34):3041-3048.[14]Lipp,J..LessonsforeffectiverenewableelectricitypolicyfromDenmark,GermanyandtheUnitedKingdom[J].EnergyPolicy,2007,(35):5481-5495.()

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