第二讲推理判断题推理判断题是阅读理解的另一重要题型,属于深层理解类试题,要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上,通过对语篇逻辑关系及细节的分析,进行推理和判断,从而领会文章的深层意义及隐含意义。为了更好地区分考生,近几年对推理判断题的考查,难度呈上升趋势。一、是什么——推理判断3题型(一)熟悉3种常考题型1.细节推理判断题细节推理判断题要求考生根据语篇内容,推断具体细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息,或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的内在联系,理解文章的真正含义,才可能作出准确的推断。注意题干中常用的六个动词:infer(推断),indicate(象征,暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(暗示),conclude(作出结论)和assume(假定,设想)。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现:·Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat________.·Comparedwithothersimilarproducts,thenewdesign________.·Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.·Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat________.2.观点、态度推理判断题(1)文章的观点或结论推理判断题此类试题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全文观点,可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测文中某一观点,仍离不开对全文中心思想的把握,因为它们在语义上是紧密相连的,次要的观点是支撑说明全文主要论点的。所以了解全文的主要观点或中心思想对正确解答此类试题至关重要。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现:·Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.·Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?·Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat________.(2)作者态度、语气推理判断题此类试题往往通过作者在文章里的措词、文体和结构表现出来,并常常用下面的一些词汇进行表述。如:褒义词useful,interesting,admiring,positive等;贬义词disappointed,critical,negative等;中性词indifferent,humor,neutral等。因此考生必须透过字里行间察其端倪,以此作为前提进行推理。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现:·Theattitudeoftheauthortowardssomebody/somethingis________.·Theauthor'sattitudetowards...canbebestdescribedas________.·Thetoneofthispassageisbestdescribedas_______.3.写作意图推理判断题写作意图推理判断题要求考生根据文章的论述,揣测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图,而是通过文章所提供的事实,客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这类题型不但要求考生能理解文章的大意,同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现:·Themainpurposeofthistextis________.·What'stheauthor'spurposeinwritingthisarticle?·Itcanbeconcludedthatthepassageismainlywrittenfor________.·Theauthorwritesthispassageto________.·Theauthorinthispassageintendsto________.二明确选项特征1.正确选项特征推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或论据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,它一般具有以下特征:(1)“立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。(2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念,如only,never,all,absolutely等,正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有余地的词汇,如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。2.干扰选项特征(1)主观臆断:没有基于原文进行推断,而是根据常识推断。(2)过度推断:有时作者只是客观地叙述事实,并未做评论,而一些选项却主观地进行推断。如提到一样东西贵,并不意味着就买不起。(3)错误推断:某些细节看似在原文中出现过,但与原文不符,或断章取义,或因果倒置等。(4)以细节代替推断:只是原文简单的复述,而非推断出来的结论。二、怎么解——推理判断7技法推理判断题虽然在题型上有不同之处,但推断的原则是一样的,那就是据文推断。在解题中,设计的问题不同,解题的策略也不同,但归纳起来,可以从以下7个技法中进行灵活选用。技法一根据特定信息进行推断有些简单的推理判断题,可根据题干提供的信息,到原文中去抓关键信息,然后进行分析、推理、判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理,从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。[典例1](2019·浙江6月高考阅读A节选)[3]ThroughtheInternet,ZactrackeddownCorrado'ssisterAdelineRockko.Butwhenhefinallyreachedher,thewomanfloodedhimwithquestions:“Whoareyou?Whatantiqueshop?”However,whenshehungup,sheregrettedthewayshehadhandledthecall.SoshecalledZacbackandapologized.SoonshedrovetomeetZacinWatertown,N.Y.“Atthatpoint,Iknewshemeantbusiness,”Zacsays.“Todriveeighthourstocometoseeme.”22.WhatdidZacrealizewhenAdelinedrovetomeethim?A.Shewasveryimpolite.B.Shewasseriousaboutthemedal.C.Shesuspectedhishonesty.D.Shecamefromawealthyfamily.[分析]根据节选段中的“SoonshedrovetomeetZacinWatertown,N.Y.‘Atthatpoint,Iknewshemeantbusiness,’Zacsays.‘Todriveeighthourstocometoseeme.’”可推知,Zac意识到Adeline很在意这枚勋章,要不然她也不会打电话道歉,更不会驱车8小时来见自己,故选B。技法二整合全文段信息进行推断有些推理判断题,很难从某一句话或某几句话推断出其含义,这时就需要在理解全文(段)意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来去推理判断,从而确定最佳结论。[典例2](2019·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选)Whentheteamexaminedtheresultsoftheexperimentmoreclosely,theynoticedthatthemonkeystendedtounderestimate(低估)asumcomparedwithasinglesymbolwhenthetwowerecloseinvalue—sometimeschoosing,forexample,a13overthesumof8and6.Theunderestimationwassystematic:Whenaddingtwonumbers,themonkeysalwayspaidattentiontothelargerofthetwo,andthenaddedonlyafraction(小部分)ofthesmallernumbertoit.34.WhatdidLivingstone'steamfindaboutthemonkeys?A.Theycouldperformbasicaddition.B.Theycouldunderstandsimplewords.C.Theycouldmemorizenumberseasily.D.Theycouldholdtheirattentionforlong.[分析]根据节选段的内容可知,大多数时候,猴子倾向于触摸更高的数值,这表明它们会进行简单的计算,而不仅仅是记住每个数字组合的数值。故选A。技法三根据上下文的逻辑得出结论逻辑推论是指严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。解答这类题的前提是获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实,然后按题目的要求进行推断。[典例3](2019·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C节选)[2]Thetrend,then,wastowardthe“pennypaper”—atermreferringtopapersmadewidelyavailabletothepublic.Itmeantanyinexpensivenewspaper;perhapsmoreimportantlyitmeantnewspapersthatcouldbeboughtinsinglecopiesonthestreet.[3]Thisdevelopmentdidnottakeplaceovernight.Ithadbeenpossible(butnoteasy)tobuysinglecopiesofnewspapersbefore1830,butthisusuallymeantthereaderhadtogodowntotheprinter'sofficetopurchaseacopy.Streetsaleswerealmostunknown.However,withinafewyears,streetsalesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplaceineasterncities.Atfirstthepriceofsinglecopieswasseldomapenny—usuallytwoorthreecentswascharged—andsomeoftheolderwellknownpaperschargedfiveorsixcents.Butthephrase“pennypaper”caughtthepublic'sfancy,andsoontherewouldbepapersthatdidindeedsellforonlyapenny.29.Whatdidstreetsalesmeantonewspapers?A.Theywouldbepricedhigher.B.Theywoulddisappearfromcities.C.Theycouldhavemorereaders.D.Theycouldregainpublictrust.[分析]根据第二段首句“Thetrend,then,wastowardthe‘pennypaper’—atermreferringtopapersmadewidelyavailabletothepublic.”以及第三段中的“However,withinafewyears,streetsalesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplaceineasterncities.”可推知,“便士报”指的是公众可广泛购得的报纸,“便士报”有更多的读者,而正是街头销售使其变得随处可见。故选C。技法四利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断文章是作者抒发感情、表达观点的一种方式。因此,很多文章,尤其是记叙文和