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专题一语法运用第三节核心考点讲练通重难增分三定语从句与名词性从句(一)定语从句定语从句是高考必考点之一，语法填空主要考查关系代词、关系副词的选用，故分清句子结构，搞清定语从句部分缺少何种成分至关重要。语法填空考查形式均为无提示词型填空。短文改错主要考查引导词的误用。定语从句的重要性还体现在书面表达上，它属于高级句式，对提升文章的档次起着举足轻重的作用。语法填空中的定语从句[高考这样考]1．(2019·高考全国卷Ⅱ)NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield,____________sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.2．(2019·高考全国卷Ⅲ)Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmasters____________hadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.3．(2018·高考全国卷Ⅱ)TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005—whenthegovernmentstartedasoiltestingprogram____________givesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers—and2011,fertilizerusedroppedby7.7milliontons.4．(2017·高考全国卷Ⅲ)ButSarah，____________hastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels，wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.[题目这么解]1．依据句子成分先判断从句类型，是定语从句、名词性从句或状语从句。2．定语从句解题技巧：(1)寻找先行词，辨别人与物(如题2)；(2)判定从句中所缺的成分，确定填关系代词(如题4)或者关系副词；(3)明确关系代词在限制性定语从句(如题3)和非限制性定语从句(如题1)中的区别；(4)看是否需要考虑固定的介宾结构，尤其是介词置于关系代词之前时；(5)what不能引导定语从句，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。自我诊断：1.which2.who3.which/that4.who[类题对点练]1．①Theyliveinasmallhouse，infrontofwhichstandsanorangetree.②Theyliveinasmallhouse，andinfrontofitstandsanorangetree.2．①Theoldmanhasthreesons，noneofwhom_isadoctor.②Theoldmanhasthreesons，butnoneofthemisadoctor.3．ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid1980s,whenIwasthefirstWesternTVreporter...4．Themajorityoftheadswerealsopromotingextracurriculareducationinstitutions，which_havebeencondemnedforputtingextraacademicpressureonstudents.5．(2019·河北衡水中学调考)AfterlivinginAustraliaformanyyears，Louisefinallyreturnedtothecountrywhere_shewasborn.短文改错中的定语从句[高考这样考]1.(2019·高考全国卷Ⅰ)OneafternoonwhereIwasinprimaryschool，Iwaswalkingbytheschoolplayground.____________2．(2019·高考全国卷Ⅲ)Inthecafe,customerswillenjoythemselvesinthehistoricalenvironmentwhatiscreatedforthem.____________3．(2018·高考全国卷Ⅰ)Theyalsohadasmallpondwhichtheyraisedfish.____________4．(2017·高考全国卷Ⅱ)Intheirsparetime,theyareinterestedinplantingvegetablesintheirgarden,thatisontherooftopoftheirhouse.____________[题目这么解]1．关系代词或关系副词有无错用(如题1)或缺失；2．限制性和非限制性定语从句中关系词的使用是否混淆(如题4)；3．关系代词前的介词有无缺失(如题3);4．定语从句与名词性从句引导词是否错用(如题2)。自我诊断：1.where→when2.what→that/which3.which前加in或which→where4.that→which[类题对点练]1．(2019·山东日照摸底考试)It'sablacksquaresuitcase，whatisjustasbigasaschoolbag.答案：It'sablacksquaresuitcase，whatwhichisjustasbigasaschoolbag.2．(2019·河南天一大联考)WhenIwas12，ImetMary.ShecametoChinawithherparents，whomtaughtEnglishinauniversity.答案：WhenIwas12，ImetMary.ShecametoChinawithherparents，whomwhotaughtEnglishinauniversity.3．(2019·福建龙岩3月质检)ThehouseIgrewupinithasbeentakendownandreplacedbyanofficebuilding.答案：ThehouseIgrewupinithasbeentakendownandreplacedbyanofficebuilding.4．Anecosystemconsistsofthelivingandnonlivingthingsinanareawhereinteractwitheachother.答案：Anecosystemconsistsofthelivingandnonlivingthingsinanareawherethat/whichinteractwitheachother.定语从句核心知识提炼一、确定关系词之“三看”1．看先行词和从句之间有无逗号隔开，有逗号的为非限制性定语从句，不可以用that引导；2．看先行词的属性(是指人还是指物，表示时间、地点还是原因)；3．看关系词在从句中所作的成分是主语、宾语、表语还是状语。作主语、宾语、表语时用关系代词who/whom/whose/which/that/as；作状语时用关系副词when/where/why。Hecamefromafamilywhich/thathadbeenrichforatleastonehundredyears.他来自一个至少昌盛了100年的家庭。Hecamefromafamilywhereeveryonerespectseachother.他来自一个彼此间相互尊敬的家庭。二、定语从句中用that不用which的情况：1．当先行词是all，any，anything，everything，nothing，something等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时；Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomethingthatwassomeoneelse'sfault.我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。2．当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时；3．当先行词被theonly，thevery，thesame，thelast等修饰时；4．当先行词既有人又有物时。Theywillneverforgetthepersonsandthingsthatthey'veseenorheardofduringtheirlongjourney.他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。三、常考的两组易混引导词1．that与whichthat不能引导非限制性定语从句；which引导非限制性定语从句时，可以代表主句的全部或者部分内容。Tomfailedagaininthematch，whichwasagreatpity.汤姆在比赛中又一次失利了，这是一个非常大的遗憾。(which代表主句的全部)2．as与which两者都可引导非限制性定语从句，代表主句的全部内容。as在句中的位置比较灵活，意为“正如，正像”；which只能用在句中，意为“这，这一点”。Themothertriedtopersuadehersontogiveupsmoking，whichdidn'thelp.母亲竭力说服儿子放弃吸烟，但没有效果。“Youcan'tjudgeabookbyitscover，”astheoldsayinggoes.正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相”。四、和介词有关的定语从句知识1．在定语从句中，充当宾语的关系代词为that/which/whom，而that不能与介词直接连用，故介词后填写关系代词时，只可能为which(指物)或whom(指人)。2．关系副词when，where在定语从句中，一般可替换为“介词＋which”的情况。而why在定语从句中可替换为forwhich。Iwillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichIleftmyhometownforever.我将永远记得我离开家乡的那一天。Istillrememberthefactorywhere/inwhichIworked.我仍记得我工作过的那个工厂。3．“名词＋ofwhich”常代替“whose＋名词”在定语从句中作定语。Hementionedabook，thetitleofwhich/whosetitleI'veforgotten.他提到了一本书，书的名字我已经忘了。五、巧辨定语从句与其他从句1．定语从句与名词性从句的区别：定语从句前必须有先行词，先行词通常为名词或代词；名词性从句除同位语从句外，前面均无名词或代词；2．定语从句与同位语从句的区别：二者前通常都有名词或代词，但定语从句起修饰、限定作用；同位语从句起解释、说明作用；引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；而引导同位语从句的that在从句中不作成分。Thenewsthathetoldmewasexciting.他告诉我的消息令人振奋。(定语从句)Thenewsthathepassedtheexamwasexciting.他通过考试的消息令人振奋。(同位语从句)(二)名词性从句通过对近五年语法填空和短文改错试题的分析可以发现，名词性从句是考查的重点和难点。语法填空考查形式为无提示词型填空，重点考查名词性从句的引导词，尤其是对what，that，who的考查。短文改错主要考查引导词的误用和多余。书面表达中的名词性从句毫无疑问是得高分的亮点。语法填空中的名词性从句[高考这样考]1．(2019·高考北京卷)Doesthenameofthecollegeyouattendreallymatter？Researchonthequestionsuggeststhat，formoststudents，itdoesn't.Whatstudentsdoatcollegeseemstomattermuchmorethan____________theygo.2．(2019·高考江苏卷改编)Scientistshaveobtainedmoreevidence____________plasticisfi