专题一阅读理解第三节主旨大意题(2019·全国卷Ⅰ,D篇)Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawellexploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables'playswellwithothersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jumpstartinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein'sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage(从事)indangerousandriskybehavior.”Inonestudy,Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(调查研究).“Wefoundthattheleastwelllikedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus.”Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate-sharing,kindness,openness-carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch,Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion:Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too.“Beinglikedcreatesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage,”hesaid.32.Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?A.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.34.WhatdidDr.Prinstein'sstudyfindaboutthemostlikedkids?A.Theyappearedtobeaggressive.B.Theytendedtobemoreadaptable.C.Theyenjoyedthehigheststatus.D.Theyperformedwellacademically.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.BeNice-YouWon'tFinishLastB.TheHighertheStatus,theBetterC.BetheBest-YouCanMakeItD.MoreSelfControl,LessAggressiveness【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。作者从社会心理学视角讨论了青少年小学与中学阶段的成长经历,说明了在小学和中学阶段受欢迎的人比不受欢迎的人和地位高的人日后的适应能力更强,更有优势。32.解析:推理判断题。根据题干中的elementaryschool可将答案定位到第一段第一句,该句提到Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,可推断出,作者在小学时期是一个慷慨大方的女孩。答案:C33.解析:主旨大意题。本题需要整体理解第二段内容,归纳其段落大意。本段前两句为主旨句,提出受欢迎度这一概念,并且介绍了MitchPrinstein的理论,把受欢迎的人分为两类,后面围绕这两种分类展开论述。classification与第二句中的categories为同义异构现象。答案:A34.解析:推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Thelikables'playswellwithothersqualities...whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.”以及第四段中的“Wefoundthattheleastwelllikedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus.”可知,最不受欢迎的青少年会对同学变得不友好。那些地位高的人也会出现这种情况。讨人喜欢的能力会在今后的生活和工作中发挥作用,带来良好的适应力。由此可推断,最受欢迎的孩子往往适应能力更强。adaptable与本段中的adjustment为同义异构现象。答案:B35.解析:主旨大意题。纵观全文,作者论述受欢迎度对青少年的影响。本题A选项学生理解起来较困难,可通过排除法去做,B选项“地位越高越好”,显然违背文章主旨;C选项“成为最好的自己,你可以的”,有一定干扰性,但文中没有提到成为最好的,而是要成为最受欢迎的;D选项“多一些自我控制,少一些攻击性”,文中没有提到自我控制。再根据最后一段中的“Beingliked(讨人喜欢)createsopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage”可推知,正确选项为A“友善一点(讨人喜欢)”,你将不会排在最后(你不会完蛋/你会笑到最后)。finish“获得(名次)”,如finishfirst/secondetc.答案:A题干中常含有以下词语:mainidea/mainly/mainlydiscuss/mainlyconcerned/central/primary。主旨大意题最关键的就是把握主题句和主题词。主题词通常在文章中出现频率较高,往往会在第一段出现,且带有概括性。有的类型的文章没有明显的主题句,但可以通过找主题词的方法解决此类试题,主题词就是文中出现频率最高的词,一般情况下为名词,记住一句话:主旨大意题的正确选项一定包含主题词!这样一来就很快可以排除若干干扰选项而一眼看出正确选项所在了。也可以运用逆向思维法、快速作文法:在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时,试着从选项出发,想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容,然后把它与文章的内容比较,接近的即为正确选项。一、常见命题形式主旨大意题主要考查对全文内容或某一段的内容的归纳总结能力,是在对原文深刻理解基础上的高度概括能力,是高考中的难点之一。常见的命题方式有:①Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?②Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?③What'sthemainideaofthetext?④Themainideaofthesecondparagraphisprobablythat________.二、命题特点主旨大意题正确选项的特征:①通常不含细节信息的词。②通常不含绝对意义的词。③能概括全文或某段的全部内容;涵盖性强,精确度强,恰当的表意范围和情感色彩。主旨大意题干扰选项的特征:①过于笼统,不知所云。所概括的内容超出原文的范围。②以偏概全,主次不分。只概括了文章一部分的内容,或以文章中的细节内容或个别词语做出选项内容。③移花接木,偷换概念。选项中的定语或状语影响语意范围,或者把属于A的内容放在B上。④主观臆测,无中生有,虽符合一般常理,选项中关键词也在文中提及,但选项的实际含义与文章主题无关。一、标题归纳题标题是文章的点睛之笔,是文章的灵魂和门面,一个好的标题应具备三大特点:概括——准确而又简短,能覆盖全文大意。针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符;醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断,但在某些文章中,如记叙文,没有明确的主题句,需要根据文中的事实细节,查找文章的“主线”,归纳出文章的主题。[真题例析](2019·全国卷Ⅰ,D篇)Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popularityisawellexploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsycho