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Unit1Greatscientists霍乱、肺结核等疾病给人类健康带来了极大的损害。RobertKoch的研究成果为战胜这些疾病取得了重大突破。Choleraandtuberculosis(肺结核)weretwoofthemostdangerouskillerdiseasesinthelate19thcentury.Aman，namedRobertKoch，madeabreakthroughinthefightagainstthesediseases.WhowasRobertKoch?KochwasaGermanscientist,borninHanoverin1843.Kochbeganresearchintothemicrobes(细菌)affectingdiseasedanimalsandpeoplein1872.HewontheNobelPrizein1905forhisworkontuberculosis.Whatmadehimfamous?In1878Kochdiscoveredthatmicrobescausedwoundstogoinfected，buthisbigbreakthroughcamewhenhedecidedtostain(给……着色)microbeswithdye(染料)，enablinghimtophotographthemunderamicroscope.Usingthismethodhewasabletostudythemmoreeffectivelyandprovethateverydiseasewascausedbydifferentgerms.Heidentifiedthemicrobesthatcausedtuberculosisin1882andcholerain1883.Howdidhedothis?Koch'sdiscoveriesweretheresultofcarefulresearchusingthemicroscope，photographyanddyes.Asaresultofhiswork，theGermangovernmentalsosetupan“InstituteofInfectiousDiseases”inBerlinin1891formedicalresearchanddevelopment.Inthe20thcenturymedicalresearchhasincreasinglyinvolvedteamsofresearcherssupportedbylargepublicorprivatefunds.ResultsofhisresearchThescientificevidenceofmicrobeshelpedotherscientistsprovethatpollutionspreaddisease.Itmeantcertainkindsofactioncouldbetakentopreventcertaintypesofdisease.Sincecholerawascarriedinwater,forexample,itsspreadcouldbepreventedwithcleanwatersupplies.LongtermimportanceKochwasresponsibleforestablishingthenew“ScienceofModernBacteriology”.Otherscientistswouldcontinuetoimproveourknowledgeofdiseaseandgermsbyusinghismethods.By1900heandhisstudentshadidentified21germscausingdiseases.[阅读障碍词]1．breakthroughn．突破；突破性进展2．microscopen.显微镜3．germn.细菌4．involvevt.包含；牵涉5．establishvt.建立；创办[诱思导读]根据短文内容，判断正(T)误(F)1．Choleraandtuberculosiswerethemostdangerouskillerdiseasesinthelate19thcentury.()2．RobertKochwontheNobelPrizeforhisworkoncholeraandtuberculosis.()3．RobertKoch'smethodscanhelpotherscientiststoimproveourknowledgeofdiseaseandgerms.()[答案]1－3FFTSectionⅠWarmingUp，Prereading&Reading新生词汇初识Ⅰ.匹配下列单词的词性及汉语意思()1.challengeA．vt.弄脏；污染()2.handleB．n.挑战vt.向……挑战()3.polluteC．n.柄；把手vt.处理；操纵()4.instructD．vt.&n．连接；联系()5.linkE．vt.命令；指示；教导()6.defeatF．vt.打败；战胜；使受挫n．失败()7.attendG．vt.&vi.结束；推断出()8.cureH．vt.认为；怀疑n．被怀疑者；嫌疑犯()9.suspectI．vt.照顾；护理；出席；参加()10.concludeJ．n.治愈；痊愈vt.治愈；治疗[答案]1－5BCAED6－10FIJHGⅡ.选择下列句中相应词组的汉语意思A．提出B．调查C．治好；矫正D．和……联系或连接起来E．得出结论F．暴露()1.Thegovernmentwilllookintohowtoreduceunemployment.()2.Noonehasputforwardabetterplanthanthisone.()3.NothingcouldcureherofherimpatiencewithAnna.()4.Todrythewetclothesquickly，sheexposedthemtothesunshineonpurpose.()5.Withcarefulstudy，thescientistdrewaconclusionfinallyfromwhathehadsurveyed.()6.Shedoesn'tknowwhetherhermobilephonecanbelinkedtotheInternetornotinIndia.[答案]1－6BACFED教材语篇细研JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”JohnSnowwasafamousdoctorinLondon—soexpert(熟练的)，indeed，thatheattendedQueenVictoriaasherpersonalphysician(医生)．Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposed(暴露)tocholera①.Thiswasthedeadlydiseaseofitsday.Neitheritscausenoritscure(治愈)wasunderstood.Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytime②therewasanoutbreak.JohnSnowwantedtofacethechallengeandsolvethisproblem.Heknewthatcholerawouldneverbecontrolled(控制)untilitscausewasfound.约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人大夫。但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。霍乱是当时最致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。因此，每次暴发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人死去。约翰·斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道在找到病源之前，疫情是无法控制的。[助读讲解]①过去分词短语exposedtocholera作后置定语，修饰people。②everytime意为“每次”，用作连词，连接时间状语从句。Hebecameinterestedintwotheoriesthatpossiblyexplainedhowcholerakilledpeople.Thefirstsuggested③thatcholeramultipliedintheair.Acloudofdangerousgasfloatedarounduntilitfounditsvictims(受害者)．Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbed(吸收)thisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.Fromthestomachthediseasequicklyattackedthebodyandsoontheaffected④persondied.对于霍乱是如何致人死亡的，当时有两种相对合理的理论，斯诺对这两种理论比较感兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖。它像一股危险的气体到处飘浮，直到找到受害者为止。第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。疾病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者很快就会死亡。[助读讲解]③suggested在此处意为“间接表明；暗示”，后面的从句不用虚拟语气。④过去分词affected在句中作定语，意为“受疾病侵袭的”。JohnSnowsuspected(认为；怀疑)thatthesecondtheorywascorrectbutheneededevidence.Sowhenanotheroutbreakhit⑤Londonin1854，hewasreadytobeginhisenquiry(询问)．Asthediseasespreadquicklythroughpoorneighbourhoods⑥，hebegantogatherinformation.Intwoparticularstreets，thecholeraoutbreakwassosevere(严重的)thatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy⑦.约翰·斯诺认为第二种说法是正确的，但他需要证据。因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱时，约翰·斯诺就准备开始他的调查。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，他就开始收集资料。在两条特定的街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心要查明原因。[助读讲解]⑤hitvt.厄运、灾难等突然袭击，侵袭。⑥as在句中意为“当……时候”，引导时间状语从句。⑦bedeterminedtodo...下定决心做……Firsthemarkedonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived⑧.Thisgavehimavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.Manyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpump(泵；抽水机)inBroadStreet⑨(especiallynumbers16,37,38and40)．Healsonoticedthatsomehouses(suchas20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Hehadnotforeseen(预见)this，sohemadefurtherinvestigations.Hediscoveredthatthesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeerandsohad