SectionⅢGrammar—过去分词作状语;短语动词语法图解探究发现①Seenfromabove,theoldtownisamazeofcanals,littlebridgesandtinycobbledstreetsthattouristsgetlostin.②Notinvited,hebecameverydisappointed.③Completelyrebuilt,thetownwouldnotbesointeresting.④Beatenbytheoppositeteam,wedidn'tloseheartandencouragedeachother.⑤AuntWucamein,followedbyherdaughter.⑥Theoldtownisonthesideofamountainandoppositeitisthe5,500metreYulongXueshanMountain,itspeakcoveredwithsnow.⑦Abigfirebrokeoutlastnightinthatvillage.⑧Whenhereadthebook,hecameacrossmanynewwords.[我的发现](1)①~⑤句中,黑体部分均在句中作状语,分别表示、、、、。(2)由②句可知,过去分词作状语时,其否定形式通常是在过去分词前加。(3)⑥句中分词作状语,有自己独立的主语,这叫。(4)⑦⑧句中黑体部分为。时间原因条件让步伴随not独立主格结构短语动词一、过去分词(短语)作状语1.过去分词(短语)在句中作状语,可以表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式、让步、结果。2.过去分词(短语)在句中作状语表示动作的完成和被动。3.过去分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系,有些形容词化的过去分词,如surprised,lost,wellknown等,表示主语所处的状态。Lostintheforest,youshouldfirstofallremainwhereyouare,waitingforhelptocome.(表示时间)当你在森林里迷路的时候,首先你应该待在你原来的地方,等待救援的到来。Thechildlearnsfast,wellbroughtupbyhisparents.(表示原因)由于受到父母良好的教育,这个孩子学得很快。Theteacherstoodthere,surroundedbymanystudents.(表示伴随)老师站在那里,身边围着很多学生。Theywentoutinsuchbadweather,caughtinaheavyrainhalfway.(表示结果)他们在这么恶劣的天气里出门,结果在半路遇上了大雨。Givenmoretime,wewoulddoitmuchbetter.(表示条件)如果再多给点时间,我们就能做得更好。Beatenbytheoppositeteam,theplayerswerenotdiscouragedandpracticedevenharder.(表示让步)尽管被对方打败了,队员们没有泄气,而是更加努力训练。[即时演练1](1)句型转换①Becauseshewasborninapoorfamily,Nadiahadonlytwoyearsofschooling.→,Nadiahadonlytwoyearsofschooling.②Thoughheisencouragedbyhisparents,hestillhasnoconfidenceinovercomingthedifficulties.→,hestillhasnoconfidenceinovercomingthedifficulties.③Thepatientgotoffthebed,supportedbythenurse.→Thepatientandgotoffthebed.BorninapoorfamilyEncouragedbyhisparentswassupportedbythenurse(2)完成句子①(2016·北京高考改编)ago,thebooksareexpectedtoarriveanytimenow.这些书是一个多星期以前订购的,现在有望随时到货。②,hewasallwet.因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了。③,thesecabbagescouldhavegrownbetter.如果多浇点水,这些大白菜还可以长的更好。④(安徽高考改编),theschoolkeepsoninspiringchildren'sloveofart.这所建于20世纪初期的学校一直激励孩子们对艺术的热爱。OrderedoveraweekCaughtinaheavyrainWateredmoreFoundedintheearly20thcentury4.过去分词作状语需注意的几个问题(1)过去分词、现在分词和不定式作状语的区别:一般说来,过去分词作状语,和句子主语之间是被动关系;现在分词作状语,和句子主语之间是主动关系;不定式作状语,一般表示目的。请比较:Seenfromthetopofthetower,thecitylooksmorebeautiful.从塔顶上看,这座城市更漂亮。(主语thecity和see之间是被动关系)Seeingfromthetopofthetower,wecangetawonderfulviewofthecity.从塔顶我们可以饱览这座城市的美景。(主语we和see之间是主动关系)Togetawonderfulviewofthecity,weclimbedtothetopofthetower.为了饱览这座城市的美景,我们爬上了塔顶。(不定式表示目的)(2)过去分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语必须保持一致,请体会下列例句:当被问及为什么会迟到时,她的脸涨得通红。①Askedwhyshewaslate,herfacewentred.(×)②Askedwhyshewaslate,shewentredintheface.(√)小偷如果被抓,会受到警方的惩处。①Ifcaught,thepolicewillpunishthethief.(×)②Ifcaught,thethiefwillbepunishedbythepolice.(√)(3)有些分词已成为固定结构,当使用时应按固定结构对待,不必考虑它们与主语之间的关系。常用的有:judgingby/from...“根据……判断;由……断定”;generally/honestly/franklyspeaking“一般/老实/坦率说来”;provided(that)...(=providingthat...)“假如……;在……条件下”;given...“倘若……;假定……等”;considering(that)...“考虑到……”;supposing(that)...“如果……”Judgingby/fromhisaccent,hemustbefromtheSouth.从他的口音判断,他一定是南方人。Iwillagreetogoprovided/providingthatyougowithme.假如你陪我一起去,我就同意去。(4)独立主格结构分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句主语应保持一致。但当分词逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时,分词要有自己独立的逻辑主语,这种主语常常是名词或代词,置于动词ing形式或动词ed形式之前。这种“名词/代词+动词ing/动词ed”结构在语法上被称为独立主格结构。此时分词形式的选择取决于名词/代词与动词ing/动词ed形式所表示动作的逻辑关系,如果它们之间表示主动或动作正在进行,选择现在分词;如果它们之间表示被动或完成,选择过去分词。Springcomingon,thetreesturnedgreen.春天来了,树变绿了。Thequestionsettled,theyfeltreleased.问题解决了,他们感觉轻松了。[即时演练2](1)用所给动词的适当形式填空①(compare)withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.②Whenfirst(introduce)tothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.③Havingfinishedtheinterview,themanagerwenttohisoffice,(follow)bytheinterviewer.④(find)hercarstolen,shehurriedtoapolicemanforhelp.⑤(drive)byagreaterdemandforvegetables,farmershavebuiltmoregreenhouses.ComparedintroducedfollowedFindingDriven(2)单句改错①Judgedby/fromherdresses,shemustbefromarichfamily.②Iwillagreetotheproject,providethatmyexpensesarepaid.③Facingwithsomanydifficulties,hehadahardtimethosedays.④(全国卷改编)Thepartywillbeheldinthegarden,weatherpermitted.Judged→Judgingprovide→provided/providingFacing→Faced或去掉withpermitted→permitting二、短语动词1.动词+副词该类短语动词有的只可用作及物动词,有的只可用作不及物动词,有的既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。Hebroughtuphischildrenstrictly.他严格教育孩子们。(及物动词)Somethingunexpectedhasturnedup.出现了令人意外的情况。(不及物动词)Thebarrelofgunpowderblewup.火药桶爆炸了。(不及物动词)Thesoldiersblewupthebridge.士兵们把桥炸毁了。(及物动词)[名师点津]在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置:宾语是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间。宾语是代词,只能置于动词和副词之间。[即时演练3](1)写出下列短语动词①(机器)损坏;破坏;精神崩溃;身体垮掉②放弃;戒掉;停止③抚养;教育;培养;提出④执行;实施⑤复习/过一遍⑥坚持要/坚决主张⑦破门而入;打断(谈话)⑧灭绝,灭亡breakdowngiveupbringupcarryoutgooverinsistonbreakindieout(2)完成句子①(2016·江苏高考改编)Manybusinessesstartedupbycollegestudents(开始成功)thankstothecomfortableclimateforbusinesscreation.②TheyweresofarawaythatIcouldn't(我无法辨认他们的脸)clearly.③We(着手寻找真相)behindthemystery.havetakenoffmakeouttheirfacessetouttofindthetruth2.动词+介词动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是在介词后面。Idon'tmuchcarefortelevision.我不太喜欢看电视。(carefor=like)Hehasbeenaskedtoaccountforhisabsence.他已被要求说明缺席的原因。Heisamantobedependedon.他是个靠得住的人。[即时演练4](1)翻译下列短语①信任/信赖/信仰②属于……③对……关心/感兴趣④走过来;偶然遇到/找到⑤信赖/指望……⑥通过⑦在于……⑧为……做准备believeinbelongto...careaboutcomeacross