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如何撰写科技论文如何撰写科技论文授课教师：郝勇邮箱：haonm@163.com邮给谁看?¾Readers¾RefereesorReviewers¾Editor2of51Guidingprinciplesofscientificwriting¾Torecord——实事求是实事¾Toinformpeers(同行)科学性创新性——科学性、创新性¾Toeducatethenextgenerationofscientists——可读性(……)¾Tosurvive.“Publishorperish.”(发表或毁灭)p()——努力！！！3of51I.ScientificEnglishgClarityisthekeycharacteristicsofscientificwritingwriting.“Successfulscientificexperimentationistheresultofaclearmindattackingaclearlystatedproblemandproducingclearlystatedconclusions.”明确!!!——“想说什么！”明确!!!想说什么！4of51Grammar(语法，文法)¾Agreementsofsubjectsandverbs单、复数问题!!!¾Agreementsofsubjectsandverbs.¾Amilligramoflogicisgrammaticallymoreimportantthanakilogramofrules.单、复数问题!!!Syntax(语法，句法)¾Collectivenouns(agroupofpeople,animal,things,…)¾Massnouns(nounscannottakeplural.)单、复数问题!!!¾Phrases(短语)¾Clauses(从句)单复数问题concentrationofsolutionsconcentrationsofsolutions少用复杂句,多用简单句!!!concentrationsofsolutions5of51少用复杂句,多用简单句Sentences¾Sixtypesofsentences:¾Sixtypesofsentences:question,exclamation,simple,compound,complex,compound-complex.¾LengthofsentencesShortsentencesarebetterthanlongsentences.Arethesentencescomplete?¾GrammarVi(语态)tiiVoice(语态)：active,passivePerson(人称)：first,second,thirdpersonTense(时态)presentpast动作pastTense(时态)：present,pastPunctuations(标点符号)：动作：past其他：present偶尔使用完成时6of51Punctuations(标点符号)：,.偶尔使用完成时Paragraphs¾ParagraphstructuregpuuLongorshort:eachparagraphshouldtellastory.Topicalsentence,contents,andend.Transitionalsentence.Transitionalexpressions:Transitionalexpressions:InadditionMoreover,FurthermoreWealsonotedthatOntheotherhandHoweverContrarytothissuggestionThusConsequentlyInconclusionIncontrasttotheabovenotionSmithetal.(1990)obtainedsomewhatsimilarresults,showing7of51showing….“GoodwritingdoesnotcomefromGoodwritingdoesnotcomefromfancywordprocessorsorexpensiveypptypewritersorspecialpencilsorhand-craftedquillpens.Goodwritingcomesfromgoodwritingcomesfromgoodthinking.”—AnnLoringgg8of51II.SubmissionforEnglishitifijlscientificjournalsDefinitionofscientificpapers¾Aidblihddibi¾Awrittenandpublishedreportdescribingoriginalresearchresults.¾IMRAD¾IMRADIntroductionMethodMethodResultAndDiscussion9of51AndDiscussionStylesofscientificjournals¾Rdifthttdjl¾Readanissueofthetargetedjournal.¾Instructionstoauthors.Title[Authorship,Contactinformation]AbstractandkeywordsIntroductionIntroduction[Theoryandalgorithm]Materialsandmethods[Experimental]ResultsDiscussionConclusionConclusionReferencesAcknowledgement10of51[Coverletter,noveltystatement,……]TitleImportance:Titleswillbereadintheoriginaljournalorinsecondary(abstractingandindexing)publications.Allwordsinthetitleshouldbechosenwithgreatcare.Titleisalabel.Titleisnotasentence.Length:Agoodtitleusesthefewestpossiblewordsthtdtldibthttthatadequatelydescribethecontents.9Wastewords:Studieson,Investigationson,andObservationsonanopeningAAnorTheObservationson,anopeningA,An,orThe.Needforspecifics.9ActionofAntibioticsonBacteria9ActionofAntibioticsonBacteria.9ActionofStreptomycinonMycobacteriumTuberculosis11of51TuberculosisAbbreviationandjargon:Noabbreviations,chemicalformulas,andjargon.AbstractandKeywords¾Mini-versionofthepaperAbriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper:IMRAD.Usuallynottoexceed250words.Usuallynottoexceed250words.¾EconomyofwordsThefirstpartofthemanuscriptreadduringthereviewprocess.Useclear,significantwordswillimpresstheeditorsandreviewers(nottomentionreaders).reviewers(nottomentionreaders).¾SelectionofkeywordsAvoidusingthewordsinthetitle.•ApreliminarystudyonthenatureofDawenkouCultureintheShandongregion.•Keywords:preliminarystudynatureDawenkouCulture12of51Keywords:preliminarystudy,nature,DawenkouCulture,ShandongChina(X)Materialsandmethods[Experimental]¾Mostofthissectionshouldbewritteninthepasttense.p¾Todescribetheexperimentaldesign.¾Toprovideenoughdetailfortherepeatoftheexperimentsexperiments.Likearecipe;Don’tdescribestandardmethodindetail-usefreferences.¾Considertheuseofsubheadings.¾Usetablesandfigures.¾Usetablesandfigures.¾Datasimulation[Aims]EtiEquationsParametersResult(s)13of51()Results¾Besuretoincludebasicdescriptivedata¾Besuretoincludebasicdescriptivedata.¾Usetablesandgraphswisely.Thetablesgivetheevidence(迹象，根据，证据);gThefiguresillustratethehighlight(最显著、重要的部分);Thtthldtlltht(完整地叙述)Thetextshouldtellthestory(完整地叙述).¾Redundancyisthecommonfaultintheresultssection.TherepetitioninwordsofwhatisalreadyapparenttoTherepetitioninwordsofwhatisalreadyapparenttothereaderfromexaminationofthefiguresandtables.(不要叙述大家都知道的事实，同样的内容不能同时用表和图表示)图表示。)Donotgivetextualpresentationofallormanyofthedatashowninthetablesorfigures.(不要重复表和图中14of51datashowninthetablesorfigures.(不要重复表和图中的数字)Discussion¾Significanceofthework¾Significanceofthework.¾Statementofprincipalfindings.¾Strengthandweaknessofthestudy¾Strengthandweaknessofthestudy.¾Strengthandweaknessinrelationtootherstudiesdiscussingparticularlyanystudies,discussingparticularlyanydifferencesinresults¾Meaningofthestudy(results):possiblegy()pmechanisms(机理)andimplications(含义、内涵).¾Unansweredquestionsandfutureresearch