SectionⅦGrammar单元语法项目(一)——过去完成时语法图解探究发现①ARomanwritercalledPlinywroteaboutaterriblevolcaniceruptionthathehadwitnessedasayoungman.②By1748,theyhadfoundanawesomehistoricalsite.③Hehadworkedinthefactoryforfiveyearsbeforewemovedhere.④Thefilmhadbegunwhentheyarrivedatthecinema.⑤Ihadhopedtomeetyouattheairport,butIwascaughtinatrafficjam.⑥Thatdinnerwasthemostexpensivemealwehadeverhad.⑦Therewasaknockatthedoor.Itwasthesecondtimesomeonehadinterruptedmethatevening.⑧Ihadmeanttocome,butitoccurredtomethatIhadsomeworktodo.[我的发现](1)过去完成时与特定的时间状语连用,如句。(2)句中过去完成时用于主从复合句,主从句动作都发生于过去,且有先后关系。(3)句、句中过去完成时用于拥有序数词或最高级的句型。(4)过去完成时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法,如句、句。②①③④⑥⑦⑤⑧一、概念过去完成时的基本用法与现在完成时相似,所不同的是:现在完成时的动作须在现在以前完成,过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间以前完成,也就是说动作发生在“过去的过去”。二、构成主语+had+动词的过去分词Youabandonedthemapbecauseyouhadlearnedhowtogethome.你丢掉地图,因为你已经知道如何回家。三、基本用法1.表示过去的过去表示在过去的某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态,也就是“过去的过去”。可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句、用一个表示过去的动作以及通过上下文来表示。Bynineo'clocklastnight,wehadgot200picturesfromthespaceship.到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到200张从宇宙飞船发来的图片。HowlonghadMr.Wangtaughtinthemiddleschoolbeforehecamehere?王老师来这里之前,在中学教了多长时间的书?Iwasverysadathisdeath.Wehadbeengoodfriendssinceourchildhood.他的去世使我很悲伤。我们自童年时代起就是好朋友。即时演练1用所给词的适当形式填空①Bytheendoflastmonthhe(work)inShanghaifortwentyyears.②WhenIgottoschool,IrealizedI(leave)mybagathome.③She(work)onthefarmforthreeyearsbeforeshebecameateacher.④I(want)tohelpyoubutcouldn'tgethereintime.⑤ThepenIthoughtI(lose)isonmydesk,rightundermynose.hadworkedhadlefthadworkedhadwantedhadlost2.用于定语从句、宾语从句或间接引语中。Iwonderedwhohadworkedoutthemathsproblemintheend.我想知道谁最后做出了那道数学题。Shereturnedthebookthatshehadborrowed.她已归还了她借的那本书。Shesaidthatshehadfinishedherwork.她说她已完成工作了。3.表示未曾实现的愿望或打算,主要用于hope,want,expect,think,suppose,plan,mean,intend等动词。Ihadmeanttocome,butsomethinghappened.我本想来,但有事发生了。Hehadintendedthathewouldcometoseeyouhimself,buthewastoobusy.他本来打算亲自来看你,但他太忙了。即时演练2完成句子①Shesaidthat.她说她在那之前看过那部电影。②Themomenthehandedinhisexampaper,herealized_____.他刚一交上考卷就意识到忘了写名字了。③attheairport,butIwastoobusy.我本来打算去机场接你们,但我太忙了。shehadseenthefilmbeforehehadforgottentowritedownhisnameIhadintendedIwouldgotopickyouup4.用于状语从句。在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,若主从句的动作都发生在过去,且有先后关系,动作在前的要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewatchedtheTV.完成作业后,他才看电视的。Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,youwouldhaveseenthewonderfulperformance.如果你昨天来的话,你就会看到那场精彩的演出。5.过去完成时常用于某些固定句型(1)主语+hadhardly/scarcely(nosooner)+过去分词+when(than)从句(从句用一般过去时)(hardly,scarcely,nosooner位于句首时,主句要倒装)Ihadnosoonerreachedhomethanitbegantorain.=NosoonerhadIreachedhomethanitbegantorain.我刚到家就开始下雨了。(2)Itwas+一段时间+since从句(从句用过去完成时)ItwasatleastthreemonthssinceIhadleftBeijing.我离开北京至少有3个月了。(3)Itwasthefirst/second...time+(that)从句(从句用过去完成时)ItwasthefirsttimethatIhadchattedonlineinEnglish.这是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。(4)主句(过去完成时)+bythetime...(表示过去的从句)BythetimeIgottothestation,thetrainhadalreadygone.我赶到车站时,火车已经离开了。(5)句子(过去完成时)+bytheendof...(表示过去的时间)Bytheendoflasttermwehadlearned12units.到上学期期末为止,我们已经学了12个单元。[名师点津]有时before,after引导时间状语从句,主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,时间先后不明显,则主、从句都用一般过去时。Afterheclosedthedoor,helefttheclassroom.关上门后,他离开了教室。即时演练3(1)单句改错①Itwasthethirdtimethathehavebeenoutofworkthatyear.②BeforeIarrivedhehasworkedtwelvehours.(2)完成句子①Itwasthreeyearssincewethecity.自从我们离开那座城市已有三年。②Wethanathunderstormbroke.我们刚出发就遇到了雷雨。have→hadhas→hadhadlefthadnosoonersetout(3)句型转换①AssoonaswegottoNewYork,weenteredadifferentworld.→WenosoonertoNewYorkthanweadifferentworld.②Shehadhardlyfinishedherhomeworkwhenshewenttobed.→Hardlysheherhomeworkwhenshetobed.hadgotenteredhadfinishedwent四、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点:1.时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。Theyhadarrivedatthestationbytenyesterday.昨天到10点为止他们才到达车站。Theyarrivedatthestationattenyesterday.昨天10点他们到达车站。2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。Shewasveryhappy.Herwholefamilywerepleasedwithher,too.Shehadjustwonthefirstprizeinthecompositioncompetition.她很高兴。她的所有家人对她也很满意。在作文比赛中她刚拿了第一名。[名师点津]当两个或两个以上连接发生的动作用and或but连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。Heenteredtheroom,turnedonthelightandreadaneveningpaper.他走进房间,打开灯,读起晚报来。五、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作,句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语;而过去完成时表示的是过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作,句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语。Shehadbeenillforaweekbeforeshecameback.在回来之前,她病了一周了。Shehasbeenillforaweek.她已经病了一周了。即时演练4完成句子①MarxwrotebacktellingEngelsthat_______________(他的表扬极大地鼓励了他).②I(没收到她的来信)tillnow.③BythetimeI(起床),mysister__________(已洗完了所有衣服).④Shesaidthatshe(学英语)foryearssinceshecametoourschool.⑤We(到电影院晚了).Thefilm_____________________________(已经开始十分钟了).⑥—Iwonderwhatmakesyouasuccessfulmanager.—I(做了五年的服务生),whichcontributesalottomytoday'swork.hispraisehadgreatlyencouragedhimhaven'theardfromherhadalreadywashedallgotuptheclotheshadlearnedEnglishreachedthecinemalatehadalreadybeenonfortenminutesservedasawaiterforfiveyearsⅠ.用所给词的适当形式填空1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Pickingupher“LifetimeAchievement”award,proudIrene(declare)shehadnoplanstoretirefromher36yearoldbusiness.2.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)IlovecominghereandseeingmyfamilyandallthefriendsI(make)overtheyears.3.(2019·天津高考改编)I(hope)tosendPeteragifttocongratulatehimonhismarriage,butIcouldn'tmanageit.declared