2019-2020学年高中英语 Unit 15 Learning 4 Section Ⅳ Lesso

Unit15LearningSectionⅣLesson4，CommunicationWorkshop&CultureCorner“Whoquestionsmuch,shalllearnmuch,andremembermuch.”—FrancisBacon(1561－1626)Itseemsobviousnowhowweacquire①knowledgeandunderstanding②.Tostartwith③，youneedquestions.Then,tofindanswers,youobserve④theworldaroundyouandstudythefacts.Afterthatyouconsiderpossibleanswersandtesteachtofindtherightones.Although⑤todaywearemoreaccustomedto⑥typingafewkeywordsintoasearchengineandwaitingfortheInternettospittheanswerout⑦forus,modernscientistsandthinkersarestillsolvingtheworld’sproblemswiththistypeofanalysis—luckilyforus.①acquire[ə'kwaIə]vt.获得，得到②it作形式主语，how引导的从句是真正主语。③tostartwith＝tobeginwith首先④observevt.观察；遵守⑤although引导让步状语从句，可与still,yet连用，不与but连用。⑥be/getaccustomed[ə'kʌstəmd]to习惯于(to为介词)⑦spitout吐出“勤于提问的人学到的更多，并且记忆更多。”——弗兰西斯·培根(1561－1626)我们如何获取知识和理解现在似乎很显而易见。开始时，你需要问问题。然后，为了找到答案，你观察自己周围的世界，并且研究事实。之后，你考虑可能的答案，并且一一加以测试来找出正确的答案。虽然现在我们更习惯于在一个搜索引擎里打出几个关键词，然后等待互联网给我们答案，现代的科学家和思想家们仍然在用这种分析方法来解决世界的问题——这对我们来说很幸运。However,inthe17thcenturywhenFrancisBaconsuggestedthatthistypeofthinking⑧wasthewaytogainknowledge,hewasgoingagainst⑨theviewsoftheday⑩.Baconheldanimportantrank⑪underKingJames(1566－1625)ofEnglandbuthistrueinterestwasnotthedaytodaybureaucratic⑫detailsofthegovernment,buttheworthy⑬searchforknowledge.Thiswascertainlynottheinterestofmostpeopleinhisday.Atthattime,peoplebelievedmoreinreligion⑭thaninfactsandpeoplelikeGalileoGalilei(1564－1642),whoprovedscientificideassuchas“theEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse”，wereoftenpunishedbythechurchwithnoonecomingtotheirdefence⑮.Thechurchandmanypeopletendedto⑯ignore⑰thefactsandwereunwilling⑱tochallengewhattheyhadalwayscomfortablybelieved⑲.Theypreferredtomakeassumptions⑳abouttheworldbasedontheexperienceofothers.Infact,whenGalileiprovedthattheEarthwasnotthecentreoftheuniverse,insteadofbelievinghim,peoplechosetobelieveviewsthatwerealmost2000yearsold！⑧thinking['θIŋkIŋ]n.思考，考虑⑨goagainst违背；反对⑩when引导定语从句，修饰先行词the17thcentury；that引导宾语从句。⑪rank[ræŋk]n.职衔⑫bureaucratic[ˌbjʊrə'krætIk]adj.官僚的⑬worthy['wɜːði]adj.值得的beworthytobedone/ofbeingdone值得做某事⑭religion[rI'lɪdʒn]n.宗教⑮defence[dI'fens]n.保卫，保护indefenceof保卫……⑯tendto往往会，倾向于⑰ignore[Iɡ'nɔː]vt.忽视，不顾⑱unwilling[ʌn'wIlIŋ]adj.不情愿的⑲what引导的从句作challenge的宾语。⑳assumption[ə'sʌmpʃn]n.假定，假设ontheassumptionthat...假定……○21(be)basedon以……为基础○22basedon...是过去分词作后置定语。然而，在17世纪，当弗兰西斯·培根提出这种思考方式是获取知识的方式时，他背离了当时的观念。在英国詹姆士国王(1566－1625)统治时期，培根是一位身居要位的官员，但是他真正的兴趣不在于政府每日的繁文缛节，而是对知识的不倦追求。这当然不是他那个时代大多数人的兴趣。那时，人们更多地相信宗教，而不是事实，像伽利略(1564－1642)那样证明了例如“地球不是宇宙的中心”等科学观点的人常常被教会惩罚，而没有人为他们辩护。教会和许多人往往会忽视事实，不愿向自己一直相信的事实发出挑战。他们宁愿以前人的经验为依据对世界作出假设。事实上，当伽利略证实了地球不是宇宙的中心时，人们不相信他的话，而相信几乎是两千年以前的观点。ItisnotsurprisingthatpeoplewantedtobelievetheseancientviewsastheyhadbeenputforwardbythegreatphilosopherAristotle(384－322BC).HesaidthattheEarthmustbethecentreoftheuniversebecauseitfeltliketheEarthwasstandingstill.Galileidisagreed.Atfirst,peopleapprovedofhisstudiesandurgedhimtocontinue,butlaterwhenheprovedAristotlewrong,theygrewangryandputhiminprison.Theydidn’twanttochallengewhatthey’dalwaysthoughtwastrue.Thisalsoshowshowpeopledidn’twanttosearchfortheirownunderstandingoreducatethemselves.Andthisisstilloftentruetoday.Peoplefeelthatifsomeoneimportantandrespectedsaysthatsomethingisright,thenitmustbeso.ButeventhoughAristotlewasagreatmanwhoinspiredmanygreatscientistsandphilosophersafterhim,hewaswrongattimes.AndGalileitoomademistakes.Heisnowknownasthefatherofastronomybuthebelievedthattheearthmovedroundthesuninaperfectcircle.Hewaswrong.Thereforeourunderstandingoftheworldaroundusisconstantlygrowingandchanging.Inotherwords,welearnmoreeverydayandnoneofuscaneversitbackandsay,“Weknowitall”．○23putforward提出○24Itisnotsurprisingthat...中，it是形式主语，that从句是真正主语；本句中还包含着一个as引导的原因状语从句。○25approve[ə'pruːv]v.赞成；认可；满意approveof赞成，赞许○26urge[ɜːdʒ]vt.力劝，强烈要求urgesb.todosth.强烈要求某人做某事○27putsb.inprison把某人投入监狱○28challengev．向……挑战○29searchfor搜寻；insearchof寻找○30respectedadj.受尊敬的；受敬重的○31inspire[In'spaIə]v.启发；鼓舞inspiresb.todosth.鼓励某人做某事○32who引导定语从句，修饰agreatman。○33inotherwords换句话说；inaword总之○34sitback坐下休息；袖手旁观人们愿意相信这些古老的见解，因为那是伟大的哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384－公元前322)提出来的，这毫不奇怪。亚里士多德认为地球是宇宙的中心，因为从感觉上来讲地球是静止不动的。伽利略不同意这种说法。起初，人们赞同他的研究并鼓励他继续进行，但是后来当他证实亚里士多德是错误的时候，他们就生气了，把他关进了监狱。他们不愿意挑战他们一直认为是正确的东西。从这一点也可以看出，人们是多么不愿意追求自己对事物的理解或自己教育自己。在今天，这仍然是事实。人们认为，如果某位重要的和受尊敬的人说某事是正确的，那一定是正确的。但是即使是亚里士多德这样一位鼓舞了许多科学家和哲学家的伟大人物，有时也会犯错误。伽利略也犯过错误。虽然他现在以天文学之父而闻名，但是他认为地球以一个精确的圆圈围绕太阳而转动。这是不正确的。因此，我们对周围世界的理解是不断的发展和变化的。换句话说，我们每天都在学习更多的东西，谁也不能悠闲地说：“我都知道。”Weneedtothankthegreatmenofthepastforthewisdomtoknowthatwedon’tknowitallandprobablyneverwill，forthatwouldmeanaworldwithoutquestions.SomuchofourknowledgeandunderstandingoftheworldtodayisduetopeoplelikeBaconandGalilei,whowerebraveenoughtostepoutfromtheshadowsofconventionalthoughtinordertofindthekingdomofknowledgethattoday’scivilisationisbuiltupon.Thesemenknewthatknowledgeandunderstandingarethingstofightfor;morevitaltoaman,andmorebeneficialtomankind,somemightsay,thanallthemoneyintheworld.“Alltruthsareeasytounderstandoncetheyarediscovered;thepointistodiscoverthem.”—GalileoGalilei(1564－1642)