SectionⅢGrammar—构词法语法图解探究发现①chairman主席newspaper报纸hometown家乡airport机场sunrise日出②dislike不喜欢incorrect不正确的unlucky不走运的retell复述telephone电话③reader读者inventor发明家Chinese中国人Indian印度人artist艺术家kindness和蔼operation手术④water水/浇水dry干的/弄干book书籍/预订nurse护士/护理better更好/改善[我的发现](1)①组中的单词是将两个单词合并在一起,形成一个新的单词。这种构词法被称之为。(2)②组中的单词都是在各自的词根前加了不同的,如dis,in,un,re,tele等。(3)③组中的单词是在各自的词根后加了不同的,如er,or,ese,ian等。(4)②③组中单词的构词法被称之为。(5)④组中的单词所展示的构词法被称之为。合成法前缀后缀派生法转化法英语中词的构成方法主要有三种:合成、派生和转化。一、合成由两个或更多的词合成一个词,有的用连字符“”连接,有的直接写在一起,还有的由分开的两个词构成。1.合成名词构成方式举例构成方式举例名词+名词weekend周末动词+名词postcard明信片名词+动词daybreak破晓动词ing+名词waitingroom候车室名词+动词inghandwriting书法形容词+名词fastfood快餐2.合成形容词构成方式举例构成方式举例名词+动词ingEnglishspeaking讲英语的形容词+名词parttime兼职的名词+动词edstateowned国有的形容词+动词inggoodlooking相貌好的副词+动词Widespread分布广的形容词+名词+edwarmhearted热心的3.合成副词构成方式举例构成方式举例形容词+名词sometimes有时副词+名词indoors在室内介词+名词Alongside在一边副词+介词nearby附近4.合成代词构成方式举例代词宾格+selfherself她自己himself他自己物主代词+selfmyself我自己yourself你自己形容词+名词anything任何东西somebody某个人5.合成动词构成方式举例名词+动词sunbathe晒太阳typewrite打字形容词+动词whitewash粉刷safeguard保卫副词+动词overthrow推翻upset使生气[点津](1)由“可数名词+介词(短语)”构成的复合名词变复数时,把前面的名词变复数。例如:fatherinlaw→fathersinlaw(2)由man和woman构成的合成名词变复数时,两个名词都要变成复数。例如:womandoctor→womendoctors(3)由“名词+名词”构成的复合名词,在变复数时,只变化中心名词,而修饰名词不变。例如:girlfriend→girlfriends即时演练1写出下列单词的汉语意思①greenhouse②daydream③absentminded④heartfelt⑤hotfoot⑥overcome温室白日梦心不在焉的由衷的匆忙地克服二、派生派生法是由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词。1.前缀前缀一般只改变单词的意思,不改变词性。分类举例常见否定前缀il→illegal非法的un→unhappy不高兴的im→impatient不耐烦的dis→disappear消失in→incorrect不正确的non→nonstop不停ir→irregular不规则的分类举例表示其他意义的常见前缀anti(反对;抵抗)→antiwar反战的sub(下面的)→subway地铁inter(互相)→Internet互联网re(再;又)→rewrite重写en(使……)→enrich使富足pre(前;预先)→preview预习post(后的)→postwar战后mid(中;半)→midnight午夜vice(副)→vicemanager副经理micro(微)→microscope显微镜for/fore(先;预)→forecast预报co(共同)→cooperation合作mini(小型)→miniskirt迷你裙bi(双的)→bimonthly双月的2.后缀后缀常会改变单词的词性,构成意思相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。分类列举举例常见名词后缀er/or(从事……的人),-ese(某地人),ess(雌性),-ian(……的人),ist(专业人员),ism(主义),ment(性质;状态),ness(性质),tion/-ation(动作;过程),dom(状态;区域)teacher教师Japanese日本人musician音乐家artist艺术家movement运动darkness黑暗invention发明常见动词后缀en(多用于形容词之后),fy(使……化),ize(使……成为)widen加宽beautify美化realize意识到分类列举举例常见形容词后缀al,able,an,ble,ern,ful,ive,less,like,-ly,y,ous,somenational民族的reasonable合理的American美国的careful细心的active有活力的常见副词后缀ly(用于形容词后表示方式或程度),ward(s)(表示方向)quickly迅速地angrily生气地northward朝北upward(s)向上常见数词后缀teen,th,tythirteen十三fourth第四即时演练2给下列单词加上适当的词缀①possible不可能的②act相互作用③tell复述④host女主人⑤deep加深⑥organiz组织⑦achieve功绩;成就⑧natur自然的⑨west西方的⑩happ幸福地imreenmenterninteressationalily三、转化转化是一个单词由一个词性转化为另一种或几种词性。转化举例名词↑↓动词hand手/递,watch手表/观看,smoke烟/吸烟,fish鱼/钓鱼名词↑↓形容词light光线/轻的,wrong错误/错的,right右边/对的动词↑↓形容词clean打扫/干净的,close关上/近的,free使自由/自由的副词↑↓形容词enough足够地/足够的,last最后/最后的,hard努力/困难的读音不同,词性不同这些词作动词时重音在后,作名词时重音在前:contest竞赛,export出口,increase增加,permit允许,progress进步,rebel反抗,record记录即时演练3写出下列句中加黑单词的词性和词义①Heisamanwithapowerfulbuild.②Today,freshfruitfromthesetreesisshippedfromonecountrytoanother.③Thetrainsloweddown.④They'rerunninginthefinal.⑤Youshouldbedressedinblack.名词,体格动词,运输动词,减缓名词,决赛动词,穿衣[链接高考]用所给词的适当形式填空1.(2019·浙江高考)Schooluniformsare(tradition)inBritain,butsomeschoolsarestartingtogetridofthem.2.(2019·浙江高考)OtherAmericanstudiesshowedno__________(connect)betweenuniformsandschoolperformance.3.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Itisdifficulttofigureoutaglobalpopulationofpolarbearsasmuchoftherangehasbeen(poor)studied...4.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Wearesoproudofher.It's__________(wonder).traditionalconnection(s)poorlywonderful5.(全国卷Ⅰ)Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisesto(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉),avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.6.(全国卷Ⅰ)Runningischeap,easyandit'salways________(energy).7.(全国卷Ⅱ)Thisswitchhasdecreased(pollute)inthecountry'smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.8.(全国卷Ⅱ)AccordingtotheWorldBank,Chinaaccountsforabout30percentoftotal(globe)fertilizerconsumption.strengthenenergeticpollutionglobal9.(全国卷Ⅱ)Atasteformeatis(actual)behindthechange:Animportantpartofitscornisusedtofeedchickens,pigs,andcattle.10.(全国卷Ⅲ)MynameisMireyaMayor.I'ma__________(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.11.(浙江高考)Theobviousoneismoney;eatingoutonceortwiceaweekmaybe(afford)butdoingthismostdaysaddsup.12.(全国卷Ⅱ)Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe____________(introduce)ofelectricpoweredenginesandlifts.actuallyscientistaffordableintroduction[演练提能]Ⅰ.选词填空passerby,whatever,whichever,easygoing,wornout,worthwhile,underline,output,threehour,finally1.hewantstodo,hisparentswillalwaysgivehimsomeadviceonit.2.Astandingthereislookingineverydirection,puzzled.Whateverpasserby3.Asthisishisfavoritething,itisspendingmuchtimeonit.4.Theaverageofthefactoryis20carsaday.5.Thebosssaidthatheneededagreat,andcreativeemployee.6.Allthemistakesinthecompositionhadbeen___________inredink.7.methodshouldbechosen,thedoctorwasdeterminedtofinishthedifficultoperation.worthwhileoutputeasygoingunderlinedWhichever8.Mikeiswearingapairofoldshoes,whichwillnotgivehisfeetagoodprotectiononsuchmountainroads.9.Doyouthinkshoppingonlinewilltaketheplaceofshoppinginstores?10.Ittookusquitealongtimetogettotheamusementpa