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SectionⅣGrammar&Writing单元语法——被动语态探究发现①BoththeheadsetsandtheglovesareconnectedtoacomputernetworkintheVRstudio.②Inonecase,ateenagerwhowasafraidoftalkingandplayingwithhisschoolmateswastreatedwithVR.③Toachievethis,specialVRheadsetsaredesignedtoallowtheuserstoseein3Dandhearthesoundallaroundthem.④Engineerscanenterthedesignofaneighbourhoodintoacomputer,andthenuseVRto“walk”aroundtheneighbourhood,seehowitlooksandmakechangesbeforeconstructioniscarriedout.⑤Besidesthis,VRcanbeusedtopractiseskillsinasecureenvironmentthatotherwisewouldbequitedangerous.⑥However,withVRweareabletodothingsthatcouldneverbeachievedinreallife.[我的发现](1)在被动语态的句子中主语是动作的。(2)在被动语态的句子中谓语的基本构成形式为：助动词be＋及物动词的。(3)在被动语态的句子中谓语可以有各种或含有动词。一、语态的概念英语中动词有主动语态(ActiveVoice)和被动语态(PassiveVoice)之分。如果主语是动作或状态的发出者，动词就用主动语态；如果主语是动作或状态的承受者，动词就用被动语态。过去分词承受者时态情态OurEnglishteacherencouragedMary.我们英语老师鼓励了玛丽。MarywasencouragedbyourEnglishteacher.玛丽受到了我们英语老师的鼓励。上面第一句中的动词encouraged是主动语态；第二句中的动词wasencouraged是被动语态。二、被动语态的基本构成形式被动语态的基本结构是：“助动词be/get＋及物动词的过去分词”。被动语态的谓语动词有各种时态变化，以动词take为例，其常见时态的被动形式如下表：一般现在时am/is/aretaken一般过去时was/weretaken现在进行时am/is/arebeingtaken过去进行时was/werebeingtaken现在完成时have/hasbeentaken过去完成时hadbeentaken一般将来时will/shallbetaken过去将来时would/shouldbetakenThedisabledarerespectedinourcountry.残疾人在我们国家受到尊敬。Tom'slegswerebadlyinjuredinanaccidentlastyear.在去年的一次事故中，汤姆的双腿严重受伤。Apresentationwillbegivenonthenewproducts.将会有一场关于新产品的介绍会。Besides,manyseacreaturesarebeingwipedoutbyfishingboats.此外，大量的海洋生物正被捕捞船赶尽杀绝。TheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthismachinewerebeingdiscussedwhenIwentintothemeetingroom.当我走进会议室的时候，这台机器的优缺点正在被讨论。Thenewswouldbesenttothesoldier'smotherassoonasitarrived.那个消息一到就会被传达给那个士兵的妈妈。Overtheyearsseveralsimilartheorieshavebeenputforward.几年来已经有好几个类似理论相继被提出。Buttooursurprise,thenextmorning,weweretoldthatthemoneyhadbeenstolen.但令我们吃惊的是，第二天早上，我们被告知那些钱被偷了。[即时演练1]用所给词的适当形式填空①I(give)anewbookonmylastbirthday.②Theroom(clean)beforewecame.③Thephysicslesson(teach)inthelabtomorrow.④Theflowers(water)bythemnow.⑤(四川高考改编)Thegiantpanda(love)bypeoplethroughouttheworld.⑥(天津高考改编)Wewon'tstarttheworkuntilallthepreparations(make)．wasgivenhadbeencleanedwillbetaughtarebeingwateredislovedhavebeenmade三、被动语态的特殊结构形式1．情态动词(may,might,can,could,should,oughtto,must)＋be＋过去分词，构成被动语态。Nowadays,solarenergycanbeusedtoproduceelectricityinmanycountries.现在太阳能在许多国家可以被用来发电。Arealsenseofachievementandhappinessmaybefelt.一种真正的成就感和幸福感可能被感觉到。Thepollutionmustbestopped.必须停止污染。[即时演练2]句型转换(每空一词)①TeacherscanuseRealCineintheclassroom.→RealCineintheclassroombyteachers.②Youneedn'tdoitnow.→It(byyou)now.2．使役动词和感官动词的被动语态(1)在使役动词have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加上to。get,leave,cause等使役动词的宾语补足语是带to的不定式，变为被动语态时该不定式不变。canbeusedneedn'tbedoneMyfathermademestayuplatetofinishmyhomework.(表示主动)Iwasmadetostayuplatetofinishmyhomeworkbymyfather.(表示被动)[即时演练3]句型转换(每空一词)①Ididn'tnoticeherentertheoffice.→Shetheoffice.②Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.→Astrangerintothebuilding.wasn'tnoticedtoenterwasseentowalk(2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。Hismothergavehimapresentforhisbirthday.→Hewasgivenapresentbyhismotherforhisbirthday.他妈妈送给他一份生日礼物。3．短语动词的被动语态短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉它后面搭配的介词或副词。Itissaidthatanewrailwaystationwillbesetupinmyhometown.据说一个新的火车站将在我的家乡建起来。Thebabyisbeingtakencareofbyhisgrandmother.这个婴儿正由他祖母照顾。Suchastrangestoryhasneverbeenheardof.这样奇怪的事情还从没有听说过。[即时演练4]句型转换(每空一词)①Mysistergavemeabigcake.→abigcakebymysister.②Weshouldmakegooduseofeverychance.→Everychanceshould.四、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题1．主动形式表示被动意义(1)当feel,look,smell,taste,sound等系动词后面接形容词/名词构成系表结构时；当cut,read,sell,wear,write,wash,cook,shut,dry,drink等表示某种属性且带有修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、运动”等意义时。IwasgivenbemadegooduseofThefishsmellsgood.鱼闻起来很香。Thebookwrittenbythatfamouswritersellsverywell.那位著名作家写的书很畅销。(实际上是被卖得畅销)Cottonfeelssoft.棉花摸起来很柔软。Thesecupscleaneasily.这些杯子很容易洗。Themuseumdoesn'topenonMonday.博物馆星期一不开放。[名师点津]下面的短语经常使用主动语态：comeout,comeintobeing,gooff,runout,giveout,givein。(2)want,require,need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，或用不定式的被动形式。Theseflowerswant/require/needwatering/tobewatered.这些花需要浇水。(3)“be＋adj.＋todo”结构中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动形式表示被动含义。Heisn'teasytogetalongwith.他不容易相处。[即时演练5](1)单句改错①Thefishyoucookedwastastednice.②Thiskindofdressissoldwellinthisarea.(2)翻译句子①我的房子需要修理了。_____________________________________.去掉wasissold→sellsMyhouseneedsrepairing/toberepaired②老年人需要细心照料。___________________________________.③这个问题容易回答。____________________________.④这个包背起来很重。____________________________.TheoldrequirelookingaftercarefullyThisquestioniseasytoanswerThebagisveryheavytocarry2．含被动语态的句型及其转换“Itis＋过去分词＋that从句”这一句型的常见形式有：Itisbelievedthat...人们相信……Itissaidthat...据说……Itishopedthat...人们希望……Itisthoughtthat...人们认为……Itisreportedthat...据报道……Itis(well)knownthat...众所周知……Itissupposed/consideredthat...人们认为……Itisagreedthat...人们一致同意……Itisjudgedthat...据判断……Itisprovedthat...据证实……Itisestimatedthat...据估计……Itisbelievedthathehasbeenworkinghard.大家相信他一直努力工作。Itisreportedthathehasbeendrivingwhiledrunk.据报道，他醉酒驾车。[名师点津]以上句式大多数可转换为Sb./Sth.issaid/believed/thought/reportedto...句型。Itissaid