Unit3ScienceandnatureSectionⅢGrammar——过去分词语境自主领悟先观察原句后自主感悟1.Whenshewasborn,manypeoplewereworriedthatcloningwouldleadtomorediseasesintheanimalworld.2....ifIhadthechance,Iwouldhaveaclonedbabyrightnow.3.Ithinkthescientificadvancesmentionedinyourarticlearefantastic!1.例句1中的过去分词作___。2.例句2和例句3中的过去分词都作____。单个的过去分词作定语时,要放在被修饰词_____,过去分词短语作定语时,则要放在被修饰词____。表语定语之前之后语法点拨精要一、过去分词的构成和意义1.过去分的构成过去分词通常是由动词后加“ed”构成的,少数过去分词有不规则变化形式。注意:过去分词无时态和语态的变化。2.过去分词的意义及物动词的过去分词通常既表被动,又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词只表完成,不表被动。Thebooks,writtenbyLuXun,arepopularwithmanyChinesepeople.鲁迅写的这些书,受到了许多国人的喜爱。(表被动和完成)Oncerecovered,hethrewhimselfintohisworkandmadeeveryefforttodoitwell.他一康复就投身到他的工作中去并且尽一切努力把它做好。(只表完成)二、动词ed形式的句法功能过去分词具有形容词和副词的特征,可在句中作定语、表语、补语和状语等成分。1.作定语(1)单个的动词ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面(left除外),相当于一个形容词。Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.激动的人们奔进了大楼。Thereisnofoodleftonthetable.桌子上没有剩余的食物。(2)动词ed短语作定语通常放在被修饰词的后面,相当于一个定语从句。Thesuggestionmadebytheforeignexpertwasadoptedbythemanager.那个外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。(3)动词ed短语作定语也可用作非限制性定语,前后用逗号隔开。Themeeting,attendedbyonethousandstudents,wasagreatsuccess.这次会议获得了很大的成功,共有一千名学生出席。[名师点津]动词ed形式作定语往往表示被动、完成;动词ing形式作定语表示主动、正在进行;不定式作定语则表示还未发生。Thegirlstandingbythedoorismydaughter.在门口站着的那个女孩是我的女儿。Themeetingtotakeplacehereisveryimportant.要在这里召开的会议很重要。[即时训练1]单句语法填空①Themeeting____(hold)lastnightwasaboutsafety.②Tellthechildren_______(play)outsidenottomaketoomuchnoise.③Allthe______(break)windowshavebeenrepaired.heldplayingbroken2.作表语(1)动词ed形式作表语主要表示主语的心理或所处的状态。Don'ttouchtheglassbecauseitisbroken.不要碰那个杯子因为它是破的。Hefeltdisappointedafterhisrequestwasrefused.他的请求被拒绝后,他感到很失望。[名师点津]有的动词ed形式作表语,相当于形容词,且大部分已转化为形容词,常见的有:delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,amused,astonished,hurt,interested,crowded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excited,married,puzzled,upset等。(2)过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别。动词ed形式作表语,表示主语的性质、特征或状态。用作表语的过去分词,被动意味很弱,主要表示动作的完成和状态。此时的过去分词相当于一个形容词,其后常不跟by短语。被动语态的动词ed形式,被动意味很强,句子主语为动作的承受者,后常跟“by+动作的执行者”。MygrandfatherwasdelightedtohearIpassedmyexams.我祖父听到我通过考试感到很高兴。Thenewtissuesandorgansareusedtocurediseasesbydoctors.新的组织和器官被医生用来治疗疾病。[即时训练2]单句语法填空①Thefactisthattheshopisnow______(close).②AswejoinedthebigcrowdIgot_________(separate)frommyfriends.③Thepilotaskedallthepassengersonboardtoremain______(seat)astheplanewasmakingalanding.closedseparatedseated3.作宾补动词ed形式作宾语补足语,其逻辑主语是句子的宾语。宾语与宾语补足语之间是被动关系。后跟动词ed形式作宾语补足语的动词大致可分为以下三类:①make,get,have,keep等使役动词。Whenwillyougotothehospitalandhaveyourtoothexamined?你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿?②see,hear,feel,find等表示感觉和心理状态的动词。Shesawthethiefcaughtbypolicemen.她看见小偷被警察抓住了。Theoldmanfoundhishometownmuchchanged.这位老人发现自己的家乡有了很大的变化。③like,want,wish,order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词。Themanagerdoesn'tlikesuchquestionsdiscussedatthemeeting.经理不喜欢在会上讨论这样的问题。[即时训练3]单句语法填空①Iheardmyname______(call)inthestreet.②Hetriedtomakehimself__________(understand)byhisstudentsinclass.③Hewantedhisname________(include)inthelist.calledunderstoodincluded4.作状语动词ed形式作状语,可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等,在作用上相当于相应的状语从句。(1)表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。AcceptedbytheParty(=AfterhewasacceptedbytheParty),hedecidedtodevotehislifetothecauseoftheParty.入党以后,他决定献身于党的事业。(2)表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。Depressed(=Sincehewasdepressed),hewenttoseehiseldersister.他感到沮丧,就去拜访他姐姐了。(3)表示条件,相当于一个条件状语从句。Growninrichsoil(=Iftheyaregrowninrichsoil),theseseedscangrowfast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。(4)表示让步,相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。Exhaustedbytherunning(=Though/Althoughtheywereexhaustedbytherunning),theywentonrunningaftertherobber.尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽,但他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。(5)表示方式或伴随情况。Theoldmanwentintotheroom,supportedbyhiswife(=andwassupportedbyhiswife).那个老人在他妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。[名师点津]有些动词ed形式因为来源于系表结构,作状语时不表示被动而表示状态。这样的动词ed形式及短语常见的有:lost(迷路);seated(坐);hidden(躲);stationed(驻扎);lost/absorbedin(沉溺于);born(出生);dressedin(穿着);tiredof(厌烦)等。Lost/Absorbedindeepthought,hedidn'thearthesound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。Borninthisbeautifultown,hehatestoleaveit.出生于这个美丽的小镇,他不愿离开它。[即时训练4]句型转换①Seenfromthetopofthehill,thecitylookslikeabiggarden.→____________fromthetopofthehill,thecitylookslikeabiggarden.②Givenanotherchance,hewilldobetter.→___________anotherchance,hewilldobetter.WhenitisseenIfheisgiven③Laughedatbymanypeople,hecontinuedhisstudy.→____________________atbymanypeople,hecontinuedhisstudy.④Satisfiedwithwhathedid,theteacherpraisedhiminclass.→__theteacher________________whathedid,she/hepraisedhiminclass.AlthoughhewaslaughedAswassatisfiedwith语法落实应用单句语法填空1.Thecarbon________whenwebreatheismuchlessthanthat________byacar.(produce)2.Hehasa__________(frighten)lookonhisface.3.____(lose)inthought,healmostfellintothewater.4.Thesailorsreturnedtwoweekslater,_____(tire).producedproducedfrightenedLosttired5.When_____(ask)tosingasong,shecouldn'trefuse.6.Properly______(mark)withnumbers,thebookscanbeeasilyfound.7.WhenyouspeakEnglish,youaresuretomakeyourself__________(understand).askedmarkedunderstood8.Theoldmanlookedverypleasedtoseehisapartmentbeautifully_________(decorate).9.Theexperience______(gain)willgiveyoumoreconfidencetohelpyourcustomers.10.Theman__________(deliver)mailstomyofficeeverydayisa_______(retire)worker.decoratedgaineddeliveringretired