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SectionⅣLearningaboutLanguage&UsingLanguage[读文清障][原文呈现]①chemical/'kemIkl/adj.化学的；关于化学的②organic/ɔː'ɡænIk/adj.有机的；器官的；组织的organicfarming有机耕作③fertilizer/'fɜːtIlaIzə/n.肥料；化肥chemicalfertilizer化肥“overthepast＋时间段”常与现在完成时连用；动名词短语usingchemicalfertilizers作主语，谓语动词用单数。CHEMICAL①ORORGANIC②FARMING?Overthepasthalfcentury,usingchemicalfertilizers③hasbecomeverycommoninfarming.[读文清障][原文呈现]Manyfarmerswelcomedthemasagreatwaytostopcropdiseaseandincreaseproduction④.Recently,however,scientistshavebeenfinding⑤thatlongtermuseofthesefertilizerscancausedamagetothelandand,evenmoredangerous,topeople'shealth.④production/prə'dʌkʃn/n.生产；制造tostop...production为不定式短语作way的定语。⑤havebeenfinding是现在完成进行时形式，表示动作从过去持续到现在，而且目前还在进行中。[读文清障][原文呈现]Whataresomeoftheproblemscausedbychemicalfertilizers⑥？First,theydamagethelandbykillingthehelpfulbacteria⑦andpests⑧aswellastheharmfulones.Chemicalsalsostayinthegroundandundergroundwaterforalongtime.⑥过去分词短语causedbychemicalfertilizers作定语，相当于定语从句that/whicharecausedbychemicalfertilizers。⑦bacteria/bæk'tIərIə/n.(bacterium/bæk'tIərIəm/的复数形式)细菌⑧pest/pest/n.害虫；害兽；害鸟[读文清障][原文呈现]Thisaffectscropsand,therefore,animalsandhumans,sincechemicalsgetinsidethecropsandcannotjustbewashedoff.Thesechemicalsinthefoodsupplybuildup⑨inpeople'sbodiesovertime⑩.Manyofthesechemicalscanleadto⑪cancerorotherillnesses.⑨buildup逐渐增强；建立；开发⑩overtime随着时间的推移⑪leadto(＋n./pron.)导致；造成(后果)[读文清障][原文呈现]Inaddition,fruit,vegetablesandotherfoodgrownwithchemicalfertilizers⑫usuallygrowtoofasttobefullofmuchnutrition⑬.Theymaylookbeautiful,butinsidethereisusuallymorewaterthanvitaminsandminerals⑭.⑫过去分词短语grownwithchemicalfertilizers作后置定语。⑬nutrition/njuː'trIʃn/n.营养；滋养；食物⑭mineral/'mInərəl/n.矿物；矿石化学耕作还是有机耕作？[第1～2段译文]在过去的半个世纪里，在耕作中使用化肥已经非常普遍。很多农民喜欢使用化肥，把它们作为防治农作物病虫害和提高产量的重要手段。然而，最近科学家发现长期使用这些肥料会造成土地受损，甚至更危险的是，会对人们的健康造成危害。化肥带来的问题有哪些呢？首先，化肥在杀死病菌和害虫的同时也会杀死有益的细菌和昆虫，从而破坏土地。化学物质还会在地里和地下水中保存很长时间，而这会影响到农作物，进而影响到动物和人类，因为化学成分会进入农作物中，并且不能被冲洗掉。随着时间的推移，食物中的这些化学成分会在人体中堆积。这里面有很多化学成分能导致癌症或其他疾病。另外，施过化肥的水果、蔬菜和其他食物通常生长得过快而营养不足。它们表面上很好看，但是里面通常是含过多的水分，而不是维生素和矿物质。[读文清障][原文呈现]⑮discovery/dI'skʌvərI/n.发现；发觉⑯focuson(＝concentrateon)集中(注意力、精力等)于⑰soil/sɔIl/n.土壤⑱reduce/rI'djuːs/vt.减少；减缩Withthesediscoveries⑮，somefarmersandmanycustomersarebeginningtoturntoorganicfarming.Organicfarmingissimplyfarmingwithoutusinganychemicals.Theyfocuson⑯keepingtheirsoil⑰richandfreeofdisease.Ahealthysoilreduces⑱diseaseandhelpscropsgrowstrongandhealthy.[读文清障][原文呈现]Organicfarmers,therefore,oftenpreferusingnaturalwastefromanimalsasfertilizer.Theyfeelthatthismakesthesoilintheirfieldsricherin⑲mineralsandsomorefertile⑳.Thisalsokeepstheair,soil,waterandcropsfreefrom○21chemicals.⑲berichin富含……；……的含量高(反)bepoor/lowin……的含量低；缺乏……⑳fertile/'fɜːtaIl/adj.肥沃的；富饶的○21keep...freefrom/of使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物)[读文清障][原文呈现]Organicfarmersalsousemanyothermethodstokeepthesoilfertile○22.Theyoftenchangethekindofcropineachfieldeveryfewyears,forexample,growingcornorwheatandthenthenextyearpeasorsoybeans○23.Cropssuchaspeasofsoybeans○24putimportantmineralsbackintothesoil,makingitreadyforcrops○25suchaswheatorcornthatneedrichandfertilesoil.○22动词不定式短语tokeepthesoilfertile作目的状语；keep是使役动词，这是“keep＋宾语＋宾补”结构。○23现在分词短语growingcornorwheatandthenthenextyearpeasorsoybeans作状语。○24soybean/'sɔIbiːn/n.(＝soyabean)大豆○25现在分词短语makingitreadyforcrops...作结果状语，表示一种必然的结果，这里make的用法跟前面keep的用法一致。[读文清障][原文呈现]○26现在分词短语planting...作状语；两个that都引导定语从句，分别修饰peanuts和vegetables。○27root/ruːt/n.根；根源Organicfarmersalsoplantcropstousedifferentlevelsofsoil,forexample,○26plantingpeanutsthatusetheground'ssurfacefollowedbyvegetablesthatputdowndeeproots○27.Someorganicfarmerspreferplantinggrassbetweencropstopreventwindorwaterfromcarryingawaythesoil,andthenleavingitinthegroundtobecomeanaturalfertilizerforthenextyear'scrop.[读文清障][原文呈现]Thesemanydifferentorganicfarmingmethodshavethesamegoal:○28togrowgoodfoodandavoiddamaging○29theenvironmentorpeople'shealth.○28动词不定式短语togrowgoodfoodandavoiddamagingtheenvironmentorpeople'shealth说明goal的内容。○29avoiddoingsth.避免做某事[第3～4段译文]由于这些发现，一些农民和许多消费者开始转向有机耕作。有机耕作就是不用任何化学肥料的耕作。他们关心的是保持土壤肥沃并且免受病害。健康的土壤会减少病虫害并且帮助农作物茁壮成长。因此，有机耕作的农民经常喜欢把天然的动物粪便当作肥料。他们认为这样会使地里的土壤更富含矿物质，因而也会更加肥沃，同时还可以让空气、土壤、水以及农作物不受化学物质的污染。有机耕作的农民也使用很多其他的方法来保持土壤肥沃。在同一块地里，他们经常每隔几年就换种农作物。例如，种玉米或小麦后来年再改种豌豆或大豆。像豌豆或大豆这样的农作物将重要的矿物质带回土壤，从而使之适宜于种植要求土壤肥沃的农作物，比如小麦或玉米。有机耕作的农民还种植多种农作物来利用不同层次的土壤。比如，他们先种植生长于浅层土壤的花生，然后再种植生根于深层土壤的蔬菜。还有一些有机耕作的农民喜欢在农作物之间种草，以防止水土流失，并且把草留在地里，从而成为来年农作物的天然肥料。这些不同的有机耕作的方法有着同样的目标：种植好的粮食，并且避免损害环境或者人们的健康。Ⅰ.Readthepassagequicklyandcompletethefollowingquestions.1．Matcheachpartwithitsmainidea.Part1(Para.1)A．Farmersandcustomersturntoorganicfarmingandhowfarmerskeeptheirsoilrich.Part2(Para.2)B．Scientistshavefoundthatchemicalfertilizerscausedamagetothelandandpeople'shealth.Part3(Paras.3～4)C．Someoftheproblemscausedbychemicalfertilizers.答案：Part1—BPart2—CPart3—A2．Whatdoesthepassagetellus?Sincechemicalfertilizershavecaused,farmershaveturnedto,using________________tokeepthesoilrich.damageorganicfarmingnaturalwasteⅡ.Readthepassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswers.1．Fromthepassage,wecanseeorganicfarmersarethosewho________.A．growc