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SectionⅢGrammar—非限制性定语从句和定语从句的缩略语法图解探究发现①Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintomouth.②Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.③Apersonwithhisheadinthecloudsisadreamer,whosemindisnotintherealworld.④Qingdaoisabeautifulcity,whereI'llpayasixdayvisit.⑤Theyhaveasonandtwodaughters,allofwhomliveinthecity.⑥HelivedinLondonfortwomonths,duringwhichtimehepickedupsomeEnglish.⑦David,asyouknow,isanamateurphotographer.⑧Hespoketothegirl(whowas)fromParis.⑨WesaidgoodbyetoMr.Green,(whowas)stillbusyathisoffice.[我的发现](1)①～⑦句中，关系词前面均有逗号，它们为从句。(2)⑧⑨句中都可以省略括号中的词，从而构成的缩略。非限制性定语定语从句一、非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是指与主句关系不十分密切，只对主句中的先行词作补充说明作用的定语从句，常常单独翻译，没有它，主句意思仍然完整。其标志是主句和从句之间用逗号隔开。1．引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词指人时用who,whom和whose；指物时用which。that不引导非限制性定语从句。Thisisourheadmaster,whoIthinkhassomethingimportanttotellyou.这是我们的校长，我认为他有重要的事情要告诉你。Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.全世界的人们都在踢足球，这是一项非常有趣的运动。2．引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词当先行词指时间时，关系副词用when；指地点时用where。why不能引导非限制性定语从句。Wewillputofftheoutinguntilnextweek,whenwewon'tbesobusy.我们将把郊游推迟到下个星期，那时我们就不会那么忙了。ChaplinlivedthelastyearsofhislifeinSwitzerland,wherehewasburiedin1977.卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里。即时演练11－1.用适当的关系词填空①Theyhaveagaininvitedmetovisittheircountry,isverykindofthem.②Theleaderoftheteamisa44yearoldFrenchman,wifeisalsoateammember.③I'mtoflytoKunming,itiswarminthisseason.whosewhere④Hesaidhewouldcometomyhousetoseemetomorrowafternoon,Iwillhavesomeotherfriendstoplaytogether.⑤Thehousewasfullofchildren,tenofwerethatoldman'sowngrandsons.1－2.完成句子⑥大姐成了一名医生，我原来也想做一名医生的。Myeldersisterhasbecomeadoctor,.⑦他于1992年离开家乡，当时他只有12岁。Helefthishometownin1992,.whenwhomwhichIwantedtobewhenhewasonly12yearsold⑧很爱他的母亲去年去世了。Hermother,,diedlastyear.⑨他提到过一个笔友，他的名字我从未忘记。Hespokeofapenfriend,．⑩很多孩子上日间托儿所，在那儿他们可以学习游戏。Manychildrengotoadaycarecenter,．wholovedhimverymuchwhosenameI'veneverforgottenwheretheycanlearngames3．as和which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别两者引导非限制性定语从句时先行词都是整个主句，有下面三处不同：(1)as在非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，甚至可以插在主句之中。which引导的非限制性从句只能放在主句之后。Ascanbeseenfromhisface,heisquitepleased.＝Heisquitepleased,ascanbeseenfromhisface.从他的表情可以看出，他非常高兴。LiMingwaslate,whichmadeMr.Zhangveryangry.李明迟到了，这使张先生非常生气。(2)which在从句中可作实义动词的主语，as不可。Hecamelateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryannoyed.他又迟到了，这让老师非常生气。(3)当从句和主句语义一致时，用as或which，若主、从句语义不一致，用which。Shehasmarriedagain,as/whichwasexpected.她又结了婚，这是预料中的事。(语义一致)Shehasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.她又结了婚，这是出乎意料的事。(语义不一致)即时演练22－1.用as或which填空①weallknow,hestudiesveryhard.②Taiwan,isknowntoall,isaninseparablepartofChina.Asas③Hewaslateforthemeeting,madethechairmanveryangry.④Iwanttobuythehouse,hasagarden.⑤Theelephantislikeasnake,isnotright.2－2.完成句子⑥众所周知，他是我们班上最好的学生。,heisthebeststudentinourclass.whichwhichwhichAsisknowntoall⑦他历史没有考及格，这看来是很自然的。Hefailedinthehistoryexamination,．⑧汤姆取得了很大进步，这使我们很高兴。Tomhasmadegreatprogress,．⑨李明迟到了，这事是经常发生的。LiMingislate,.⑩戴维是个摄影师，你是知道的。David,,isaphotographer.as/whichseemednaturalwhichdelightedusasisoftenthecaseasyouknow4．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别(1)引导词不同：关系代词that，关系副词why均不可以引导非限制性定语从句。(2)非限制性定语从句与主句关系不很密切，中间用逗号隔开，译成汉语时，通常译成两句话；而限制性定语从句常与主句一起译成一句话。Ihavetwoforeignteachers,bothofwhomarefromAmerica.我有两个外教，他们都来自美国。TheforeignteacherwhocomesfromAmericateachesusliterature.美国来的那位外教教我们文学。(3)非限制性定语从句的引导词无论在从句中作什么成分，均不可省略；而在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词可省略。Thisistheman(that/who/whom)wearetalkingabout.这正是我们正谈论的那个人。Thisistheman,whomwetalkedaboutjustnow.这就是那个人，我们刚才谈论过的。(4)在限制性定语从句中，指人时，作宾语的whom可以用who或that代替，但在非限制性定语从句中不可以代替。Heistheveryperson(whom/who/that)wereferredto.他正是我们提到的那个人。DoyouknowTom,whomwejustreferredto?你认识汤姆吗？就是我们刚刚提到过的。即时演练33－1.单句改错①Herdog,thatwasnowveryold,waskilledbyacar.②Whichisknowntousall,smokingisharmfultoourhealth.③Thegirl,herfatherwasdisabled,studiesveryhard.④Ihavetwobrothers,bothofthemareteachers.that→whichWhich→Asher→whosethem→whom⑤Aftergraduation,IdecidedtostayinGuangzhou,thereIspentallmychildhood.⑥Ihadtoldthemthereason,whyIdidn'tattendthemeeting.⑦Idon'tknowwheremyglassesare,withoutthatIcan'treadanything.⑧Lookout!Don'tgettooclosetothehousewhichroofisunderrepair.there→wherewhy→forwhichthat→whichwhich→whose3－2.完成句子⑨就是在这个他就读的学校里他开始重要的实验。Itwasintheschoolthathebegantheimportantexperiment.⑩天气很好，这出乎我们的意料。Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,．wherehehadstudiedwhichwasmorethanweexpected⑪他非常喜爱的狗昨天死了。Hisdog,,diedyesterday.⑫奶奶给我剪的纸牛是我最珍贵的生日礼物。Thepaperoxismymostvaluedbirthdaygift.⑬这封信是我妹妹写来的，她在北京工作。Theletterisfrommyyoungersister,.that/whichmygrandmothercutformewhichhelikedverymuchworkinginBeijingwhois二、定语从句的缩略定语从句通过省略或简化，可以更好地帮助我们理解。1．作宾语的关系代词可以省略Theman(that/who/whom)Imetonthestreetismyoldfriend.我在街上遇见的那个人是我的老朋友。2．有时为了行文需要，定语从句中的关系代词和部分谓语动词可以省略。Thehouse(whichwas)damagedinthefirewillberebuiltsoon.大火中损坏的房子不久就要被翻修。3．有些定语从句还可以缩略为分词短语、形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语或不定式短语等。Theyareproblems(whichhavebeen)leftoverbyhistory.这些是历史遗留下来的问题。Hesawamagazineonthetable(that/whichwas)nexttohim.在他旁边的桌子上，他看到了一本杂志。WefinallyreachedRio,(whichwas)theendofourjourney.我们最后抵达里约——我们旅行的目的地。Thentheman(whowas)intheshopunderstoodwhattheFrenchmanmeant.然后商店里的人明白了那个外国人的意思。Therearestillmanyproblemstosolve(thatmustbesolved)．有许多问题需要解决。即时演练44