2019-2020学年高中英语 Module 5 Great People and Great In

Alongwithsilkandpaper,gunpowderisanotherinventionbyChineseandtheSilkRoadhelpeditspreadtotheWest.Thedatingofgunpowderisasearlyas850AD.TheChineseusedgunpowdertomakefireworksandforsignalflares①.Gunpowderwasalsothoughttohavebeenusedinmedicineandinalchemy②.Thegunpowderusedformilitary③purposewasfirstrecordedin919AD.Bythe11thcentury,explosivebombsfilledwithgunpowderwereintroducedandusedinChina.Thewords“firecannon”“rocket”and“fireball”appearedtimeandagainintheofficial④Songhistoryaswellastwootherbookswrittenduringthesameperiod.Thefirstdetaileddescriptionofusingthe“firecannon”inwarfarewasinconnectionwithabattlefoughtin1126whentheSongarmyuseditagainsttheinvading⑤enemy.Theso­called“firecannon”wasatubemadeofbamboofilledwithgunpowderwhich，whenfired,threwaflamingmissile⑥towardstheenemy.Accordingtoadescriptionofabattlescenein1132,ittooktwopersonstocarrya“firecannon”，andthecannonswerefiredfromamovingplatform.Andthisplatformhadtobemovedclosetothewallofthebesieged⑦city.TheChineseinventionofgunpowderreachedJapan，theIslamiccountriesandthenEuropeinthe13thcenturyandtheArabsimprovedgunpowderformilitaryuse.TheearlyaccountofgunpowderinEuropewasrecordedbyEnglishphilosopherRogerBaconinthe13thcentury.OnecenturylatertheArabsusedittoattacktheSpanishtownBazaandthenextyearin1326Florenceorderedthemanufacturing⑧ofcannonandcannonballs.FromItalythemakingofgunpowdersoonspreadtootherEuropeancountries,andbythe1350sithadbecomeaneffectiveweapononthebattlefield.[多积词汇]①flarevi.&n．闪耀，闪光②alchemyn.炼金术③militaryadj.军事的；军用的④officialn.公务员adj.正式的；官方的⑤invadevt.&vi.侵入，侵略⑥missilen.导弹⑦besiegevt.包围⑧manufacturevt.加工；制造，生产PhilosophersofAncientChinaAncientChinawasaplacewherestateswereoftenatwarwith①eachother②.Butitwasalsoatime③whenthereweremanygreatphilosophers④.[原文呈现][读文清障]①beatwarwith“与……交战”，表示处于战争的状态。②wherestateswereoftenatwarwitheachother是where引导的定语从句，修饰aplace,where在从句中作地点状语。③atime一个时期，一段时间④whenthereweremanygreatphilosophers是when引导的定语从句，修饰atime,when在从句中作时间状语。SectionⅠIntroduction&Reading—Pre­reading⑤whoseinfluencehasbeenthegreatest是whose引导的定语从句，whose在从句中作定语。该定语从句使用了现在完成时态。⑥stress/stres/vt.强调⑦order/'ɔːdə/n.秩序[原文呈现][读文清障]Confucius(551BC—479BC)isthephilosopherwhoseinfluencehasbeenthegreatest⑤.Hestressed⑥theimportanceofkindness,dutyandorder⑦insociety.Chinesesocietywasinfluencedbytheseideasformorethan2,000years.⑧besimilarto与……相似(to为介词)⑨those为替代词，替代前面出现的teachings,相当于theteachings。⑩bringup养育；抚养wasbroughtup为被动语态结构⑪position/pə'zɪʃn/n.职位[原文呈现][读文清障]Menciuswasathinkerwhoseteachingswereverysimilarto⑧those⑨ofConfucius.Menciuswasbornin372BC.Hisfatherdiedwhenhewasyoung,andhewasbroughtup⑩byhismother.HebecameastudentofConfucius'sideas,andwasthengivenanimportantposition○11inthegovernmentofastate.[原文呈现][读文清障]However,whenhesawthattherulerwasnotfollowinghisadvice⑫，heresigned⑬.Formanyyearshetravelledfromstatetostate,teaching⑭theprinciples⑮ofConfucius.Hethenbecameanadviser⑯toanotherruler.⑫followone'sadvice＝takeone'sadvice接受/采纳某人的建议⑬resign/rɪ'zaɪn/vt.辞职⑭现在分词短语teaching...作伴随状语。⑮principle/'prɪnsəpl/n.原则；准则⑯adviser/əd'vaɪzə/n.顾问⑰Hespent...preparing...中含有spendtime(in)doingsth.结构；过去分词短语calledTheBookofMencius作后置定语，修饰abook。[原文呈现][读文清障]HespenthislastyearspreparingabookofhisteachingscalledTheBookofMencius⑰.Menciusbelievedthatthereasonwhymanisdifferentfromanimalsisthatmanisgood.Hetaughtthatifthegovernmentwaskind,thenpeoplewouldbegood.Hebelievedthatpeopleweremoreimportantthanrulers,andhatedthestatewhenittreatedpeoplebadly.古代中国的哲学家[第1～2段译文]古代中国各诸侯国之间经常发生战争。但那也是一个产生了众多伟大哲学家的时期。孔子(公元前551年—公元前479年)是影响最大的哲学家。他强调仁爱、责任和社会秩序的重要性。中国社会受这些思想的影响长达2000多年。孟子是一位思想家，他的理论和孔子的理论很相似。孟子生于公元前372年。他幼年丧父，他母亲把他抚养成人。他成为儒家弟子，后来在一个诸侯国的政府内居要职。然而，当他看到统治者不采纳他的建议时，就辞去了官职。他周游列国多年，传授孔子的思想，后来成了另一位统治者的谋士。他把余生都用来准备写一本关于他学说的书，名为《孟子》。孟子认为，人之所以不同于动物，是因为人性本善。他告诫人们，假若政府仁慈，人民就会有善行。他认为民贵君轻，憎恨对人民残暴的诸侯国。[原文呈现][读文清障]Moziwasanotherteacherwhowasveryinfluential⑱.Bornin476BC,hecamefromafamilywhichwasverypoor.Hebecamefamousforhisunusualclothesandbehaviour.Mozifounded⑲thephilosophycalledMohism⑳.Insomeways○21，hisbeliefs○22weresimilartothoseofConfucius.⑱influential/ˌɪnflu'enʃl/adj.有影响的⑲foundv．创立；建立found→founded→founded⑳过去分词短语calledMohism作后置定语。○21insomeways在某些方面○22beliefn．信念；相信动词形式是believe;反义词为disbelief。[原文呈现][读文清障]○23love/lʌv/n.仁爱Forexample,heconsideredthatgovernmentwasmostimportant.Asaresult,hespentmanyyearstryingtofindastatewherepeoplewouldfollowhisteachings.Mozibelievedthatallmenwereequal.Hisideaoflove○23wasdifferentfromthe○24lookafter照顾；照料[原文呈现][读文清障]Confucianideaofkindness.Mozitaughtthatweshouldloveallhumanbeingsandlookafter○24thosewhoareweakerthanourselves.Hehatedtheideaofwar.Mozidiedin390BC.[第3段译文]墨子是又一位极具影响力的先哲。他生于公元前476年，出身贫寒。他因不修边幅、行为怪异而闻名。墨子创立了被称为“墨家学说”的哲学理论。他的学说在某些方面和孔子的学说相似。例如，他认为政府是最重要的。因此，他花了许多年的时间试图寻找一个人们愿意遵从他思想的国家。墨子认为，众生平等。他的仁爱思想与孔子的仁爱思想不同。墨子告诫人们要兼爱，要照顾弱者。他憎恨那种战争的观点。墨子于公元前390年去世。Ⅰ.Matchthewordwithitsmeaning.1．influentialA.重要；重要性2．resignB．辞职3．stressC．强调4．positionD．哲学5．principleE．原则；准则6．orderF．平等的7．kindnessG．秩序8．philosophyH．有影响的9．importanceI．善良10．equalJ．职位答案：1～5HBCJE6～10GIDAFⅡ.Writedownthemeaningofphrasesineachsentence.1．Ibelieveinyour