SectionⅢGrammar—动词不定式和but+不定式语法图解探究发现①Expertshopetolearnmoreaboutthemovementofthunderstorms.②Therewasnothingtobedone.③Thestormssometimescontinuealldayandtrafficmovesveryslowlybecausethethickdustmakesitdifficulttosee.④Whenasandstormarrivesinthecity,weatherexpertsadvisepeoplenottogoout.⑤Itisdifficulttobreatheandthedustmakesmeill.⑥Topreventitcomingnearer,thegovernmentisplantingtrees.⑦Myjobistoteach.⑧Icandonothingbutwaitathome.⑨Shehasnochoicebuttogivein.[我的发现](1)①~⑦句中,不定式在句中分别充当、、、____________、、和。③句中,it为;⑤句中,it为。(2)由④句可知,不定式的否定式为。由②句可知,不定式的被动式为。(3)由⑧⑨句可知,不定式在介词but后面时,如果but之前有行为动词do的各种形式,则介词后的不定式不带___,否则带to。宾语定语宾语宾语补足语主语状语表语形式宾语形式主语nottodotobedoneto一、动词不定式1.动词不定式的时态和语态形式语态时态主动被动一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing-完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone(1)动词不定式的一般式:表示与主动词处于同一时间层面或动作发生于主动词之后。Ihopetoseeyounextweek.我希望下周见到你。(2)动词不定式的进行式:表示与主动词同时发生且动作正在进行。Thetwocheatspretendedtobeworkinghard.那两个骗子假装在努力工作。(3)动词不定式的完成式:表示不定式动作发生于主动词之前。Sheseemstohavecleanedtheroom.她似乎已打扫过房间。(4)动词不定式的被动语态:表示与逻辑主语之间的被动关系。Sheaskedtobetreatedequally.她要求被公平对待。Heissaidtohavebeenfired.据说他已经被解雇了。即时演练11-1.单句语法填空①Heseems(understand)whatIsaid.②WhenIcamein,hepretended(read).③Hehappened(go)outwhenIwenttoseehim.④Thefactoryisreportedalready(burn)down.⑤Heasked(send)toworkinthecountryside.tounderstandtobereadingtohavegonetohavebeenburnttobesent1-2.完成句子⑥看到父亲睡着了,他尽量不弄出任何声响来。Seeinghisfatherwasasleep,hetried.⑦她看起来比实际年龄年轻多了。Sheappearsthanherage.nottomakeanynoisetobemuchyounger⑧明天举行的会议是关于如何控制污染的。Themeetingtomorrowisabouthowtocontrolthepollution.⑨对不起,给你带来了这么多的麻烦。I'msorryyousomuchtrouble.⑩她似乎已经忘记了整件事。Shethewholething.tohavebroughtseemedtohaveforgottentobeheld2.动词不定式的语法功能不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等成分。Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnecessary.掌握一门外语很有必要。(主语)MyjobistoteachEnglish.我的工作是教英语。(表语)Shepromisedtogivehimachance.她答应给他一个机会。(宾语)Headvisedustohavearest.他建议我们休息一下。(宾补)Ihavealotofworktodo.我有许多工作要做。(定语)Topasstheexam,youmuststudyhard.要考试合格,你必须努力学习。(目的状语)Ihurriedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.我匆忙赶到车站,结果发现火车已经开走了。(结果状语)(1)不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而把不定式后置,且不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Itisimportanttomasteraknowledgeofcomputer.掌握电脑知识很重要。(2)不定式作表语时,若主语中含有实义动词do,则作表语的不定式可以省略to。WhatIwanttodois(to)helpyou.我想做的事是帮助你。(3)感官动词和使役动词后作宾补的不定式要省去符号to,变为被动语态时则要把to带上。Isawhimcrossthestreet.Hewasseentocrossthestreet.(4)作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,则后面需要加一定的介词。TheGreenshaveacomfortablehousetolivein.格林一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。(5)不定式常用作后置定语用来修饰被序数词、最高级等限定的中心词。ShewasthefirstwomantowinthegoldmedalintheOlympicGames.她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。(6)动词不定式作定语时,如果和所修饰的词之间是被动关系,同时不定式的逻辑主语在句子中出现时,则用不定式的主动形式。Heneedsabooktoread.他需要一本书读。(7)不定式作结果状语表示意外的结果,常在不定式前加only。Hehurriedtoschool,onlytobetolditwasSunday.他匆忙赶去学校,结果被告知是星期天。即时演练22-1.单句改错①Hehasapentowrite.②Hegavemeabooktoberead.③Theemployeesweremadeworktwelvehoursaday.④Todayheisthefirstcomingtotheclassroom.write后加with去掉bework前加tocoming→tocome⑤Thisisthebestwayhelpinghim.⑥Birds'singingissometimesawarningtootherbirdsstayingaway.⑦Tohelpmyfriendsaremypleasure.helping→tohelpstaying→tostayare→is2-2.完成句子⑧生活在中国是史密斯先生的梦想。isMr.Smith'sdream.⑨老师告诉学生们要注意发音。Theteachertoldhisstudentstheirpronunciation.⑩你有绘图的铅笔吗?Haveyougotapencil⑪他兴奋得说不出话来。Hewastooexcited.⑫离开办公室前记得要锁门。Pleaserememberbeforeyouleavetheoffice.ToliveinChinatopayattentiontotodrawpictureswith?tosayanythingtolockthedoor3.动词不定式的复合结构(1)“for+名词(或代词宾格)+动词不定式”即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语,这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语或状语。Itisveryimportantforustogeteverythingreadyfortheharvest.为收获季节作好一切准备对我们来说很重要。(2)当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时,就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语,这些形容词一般有good,nice,kind,wise,silly,stupid,foolish,right,wrong,careless,impolite等。Itisverykindofyoutohelphimeveryday.你真是太友好了,每天都帮他。4.疑问词+动词不定式疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、表语或宾语。Howtopreventthemfromswimminginthisriverisaproblem.如何阻止他们在这条河里游泳是个问题。(主语)Icantellyouwheretogetthisbook.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(宾语)[名师点津](1)疑问词+不定式结构中,不定式必须用主动式,而不能用被动式。(2)why后的不定式省去符号to。即时演练33-1.单句改错①Idon'tknowwhattobedone.②Itisfoolishforyoutosaysuchwords.③Whentostarthavenotbeendecided.④It'seasyofyoutolearnEnglishwell.⑤Whynottoturntohimforhelp?bedone→dofor→ofhave→hasof→for去掉第一个to3-2.完成句子⑥困难在于如何过河。Thedifficultyis.⑦对他来说和同龄的孩子相处非常困难。Itisdifficultotherkidsofhisage.⑧老师教学生如何做实验。Theteachertoldthestudentstheexperiments.⑨你真好能在我忙的时候照顾我的猫。whenI'mbusy.⑩如何处理他们之间的关系是一件棘手的工作。isatoughjob.howtocrosstheriverforhimtogetalongwithhowtodoItisniceofyoutotakecareofmycatHowtodealwiththerelationshipbetweenthem二、but+不定式1.动词不定式在介词but后面时,如果这些介词之前有实义动词do(非助动词)的某种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,否则带to。Shecoulddonothingbutcry.她只有哭泣。Ihavenochoicebuttoacceptthefact.除了接受这一事实,我别无选择。2.在can'tbut,can'thelpbut,can'tchoosebut(不得不,只能)结构后,不定式不带to。Therebeingnobuses,hecan'tbutwalkhome.由于没有公共汽车,他只能步行回家。Hecan'tchoosebutaccepttheoffer.他别无选择只能接受提议。即时演练4单句语法填空①Ihavenothingtodobut(wait)here.②Ididnothingbut(wait)here.③Ihavenochoicebut(wait)here.④Idohavenochoicebut(wait)here.⑤Shecan'thelpbut(obey)theagreement.waitwaittowaittowaitobey[链接高考]单句语法填空1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Modernmethodsoftrackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid1980s,andareexpensive(perform)consistentlyoveralargearea.toperform解析:考查非谓语动词。本句含有“主语+be+adj.+不定式”结构,不定式用