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SectionⅡGrammar——过去分词作定语和一般过去时的时间状语一、过去分词作定语过去分词有两个显著的特点，即：从时间上讲，表示动作已经完成；从语态上讲，表示被动的概念，但是，如果是不及物动词的过去分词形式，则只表示时间上的过去，而没有被动意义。1．过去分词作定语的位置(1)单个过去分词及由过去分词构成的复合形容词作定语时，通常置于被修饰词之前，但修饰代词时，需要置于被修饰词之后。如：aretiredworker一位退休的工人thegivenquestion给定的问题qualifiedteachers合格的教师everybodyinvited所有被邀请的人注意：leave的过去分词left表示“剩余的，剩下”的意思时，置于被修饰词之后。如：Ihaveonlyonecoinleft.我只剩下一个硬币了。(2)过去分词短语作定语要后置，放在被修饰词之后。如：thelanguagesspokeninGermany在德国使用的语言thebookwritteninsimpleEnglish用浅显的英语写成的书2．过去分词作定语，相当于一个定语从句，但它比定语从句更简短。过去分词短语作后置定语时，如果和中心词之间有逗号，则其可以转换成非限制性定语从句；若无逗号，则其可以转换成限制性定语从句。Iwanttotakeawaythebookshowntomeyesterday.＝Iwanttotakeawaythebookwhichwasshowntomeyesterday.我想带走(你)昨天给我看的那本书。TheOlympicGamesfirstheldin776BCdidnotincludewomencompetitorsuntil1912.＝TheOlympicGameswhichwerefirstheldin776BCdidnotincludewomencompetitorsuntil1912.于公元前776年首次举办的奥运会直到1912年才允许女运动员参赛。3．表示情感的动词的过去分词有些表示情感或心理状态的过去分词已经完全形容词化，常见的这类过去分词有：disappointed(失望的)，moved(感动的)，interested(感兴趣的)，surprised(感到惊讶的)，shocked(震惊的，震撼的)，puzzled(迷惑不解的)，frightened(受惊吓的)等。如：afrightenedgirl一个受惊吓的女孩。4．不及物动词的过去分词—些不及物动词也有过去分词形式，由于不及物动词不可以直接跟宾语，所以不及物动词的过去分词作定语时只表示动作的完成，而没有被动语态的意义。如：newlyarrivedpassengers刚到的旅客fallenleaves落叶5．过去分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成复合形容词作定语Thenewlybuilthotelwasburntinthefire.新建的宾馆在火灾中被烧掉。[考情分析]1．过去分词作定语在高考题中频频出现，主要从过去分词与现在分词、不定式作定语的区别的角度来设题。2．一般过去时是英语中最基本的时态之一，常用于描述过去发生过的事。试题常见于语法填空、短文改错、完成句子及书面表达中。[即时训练]Ⅰ.单句填空1．Mostpeople(invite)totheballwerefamousstars.2．Thisfamousnovel(write)byMr.Smithisworthreading.3．Thequestion(discuss)yesterdaywasaboutpollution.4．He(notgo)tobeduntil12o'clock.5．He(catch)abadcoldlastweek.invitedwrittendiscusseddidn'tgocaught6．ItwasraininglightlywhenI(arrive)inYangshuojustbeforedawn.ButIdidn'tcare.7．Whilemakinggreateffortstorunawayshe(fall)overthehillanddied.8．WhenIwasachildIhopedtoliveinthecity.I(think)Iwouldbehappythere.9．AsI(tell)youlasttimeImadethreenewfriendshere.10．IthasbeentenyearssinceI(graduate)fromtheuniversity.arrivedfellthoughttoldgraduated11．This(be)thefirsttimethatIhadbeenhere.12．YangZhenning(live)inAmericaformanyyearsandnowhelivesinChina.13．Hardlyhadthematchstartedwhenwe(arrive)．waslivedarrivedⅡ.完成句子1．Thebook(一个农民写的)isverypopular.2．Theproblem(在昨天的会议上讨论的)wasverydifficulttosolve.3．Thewindow(被那个顽皮的男孩儿打破的)isbeingrepaired.4．Thechildren(昨天在医院检查的)wereseriouslyill.5．Thepeople(暴露在阳光下的)gotsunburnt.writtenbyafarmerdiscussedatthemeetingyesterdaybrokenbythatnaughtyboyexaminedinthehospitalyesterdayexposedtothesunlight6.Theboy(受到老师严重惩罚的)isnowacollegestudent.7．Thewater(送到他家的)carrieddisease.8．TheEnglishtodayisquitedifferentfromtheEnglish(300年前所说的)．9．Mostoftheartists(被邀请去参加聚会的)werefromSouthAfrica.10．Thestudents(受到老师鼓舞的)workedharderthaneverbefore.punishedseriouslybytheteachersenttohishomespoken300yearsagoinvitedtothepartyinspiredbytheteacher二、用于一般过去时态的时间状语1．一般过去时表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。这时常与alwaysusuallyoftensometimesnever等时间状语连用。WhenIwasachildIoftenplayedfootballinthestreet.当我是个孩子时，我经常在街上踢足球。Ialwaysgotuplateandneverhadenoughtimeforbreakfast.我总是起床很晚，从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。2.一般过去时表示在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有yesterdaylastweekanhouragotheotherdayin1982等。Wheredidyougojustnow?你刚才去哪里了？3．一般过去时也可与todaythisweekintheolddaysduring...when引导的时间状语从句，recentlyuntil...since＋时间点等时间状语连用。Theyrecentlymovedtoanewhouse.不久前他们搬进了新居。Duringhismiddleschoolyearsheoftenwentforthecompetition.他在中学时代经常参加竞赛。Isawhimtoday.我今天见过他。Ⅰ.用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空1．Pricesofdailygoods(buy)onlinearelowerthanstoreprices.2．Theglassofwateristoohot.Iprefersomecold(boil)water.3．Fromyour(disappoint)voiceIhavetosaythatisapieceof(disappoint)news.boughtboileddisappointeddisappointing4．Aletter(post)yesterdaywillprobablyreachhertomorrow.5．The(lose)boywaslastseenplayingneartheEastLake.6．Suddenlythereappearedayounggirl(dress)inwhite.7．He(catch)abadcoldlastweek.8．We(hold)abasketballmatchthedaybeforeyesterday.9．I(wake)upand(find)itwaseighto'clock.10．She(get)upearlywhenshewasyoung.postedlostdressedcaughtheldwokefoundgotⅡ.语法填空阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。IthoughtthatIhadgreatskillsin1.________(deal)withkidssoIappliedforajobtoteachkids.Thedayofmyinterviewwasalsomyfirstdayofwork.Myfirstmistakeledtomyfirstlesson.Don'ttrytomake2.________(friend)withmanagersbutberespectful.Aftergoingthroughsomeworkwith3.________coupleofkidsIlearnedIwasnotasgoodasIthoughtIwasanditwas4.________(good)toaskforhelpthandowhatyouthoughtwasright.dealingfriendsabetterAfewdaysafterworkfeelingpressuredtodoagoodjobIfoundrepetition5.________(make)itmorecomfortable.Itwasn'tlong6.________Ilearnedhowtodeveloprespectfulrelationshipswithmybossesandwhattoneofvoicetousewithkids.Istartedsoundingmoreconfident7.________(realize)thatthemoreconfidentyousoundthemore8.________seemsthatyouknowwhatyouaredoing.madebeforerealizingitWhatsurprisedmemostafterafewmonthswashowlittlemoneyIhadspent.Moneyfromworkinglonghoursseemedtobemorevaluabletomethanmoney9.________(give)bymyparents.Ikeptitfirmlyinmyhandsandsuddenlyshoppingwasa10.________(total)differentexperience.ThecostofitemstranslatedintohowmanyhoursIneededtoworktopayforit.giventotally【语篇解读】利用你的假期闲暇时间，找一份临时工作，不仅能增加你的收入，而且能锻炼你的性格，使你成为一个独立性更强的人。1．答