物种繁殖策略和交配对策的变异性

:2010-03-10:2010-03-30:NationalNaturalScientificFoundationofChinaNSFC,No:30470252(,No:30470252);KnowledgeInnovationProgramoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,KSCX2-YW-Z-005(,KSCX2-YW-Z-005):,,,,E-mai:[e-mail]*Correspondingauthor,E-mai:[e-mail]齐银1,2,王跃招1*(1中国科学院成都生物研究所,成都610041;2中国科学院研究生院,北京100049):,,,,,,,,:;;;;:Q492:A:1000-7083(2010)06-1002-06AlternativeReproductiveStrategiesandMatingTacticsofSpeciesQIYin1,2,WANGYue-zhao1*(1.ChengduInstituteofBiology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Chengdu610041,China;2.GraduateUniversityofChineseAcademyofScience,Beijing100049,China)Abstract:Thestudyofalternativematingstrategiesandtacticsisanactiveareaofresearchinevolutionarybiology.How-ever,inconsistentterminologyanditsmisapplicationhaveinhibitedthedevelopmentofnewtheoriesattemptingtoexplainre-productivebehavioralvariationswithinsexes.Thisreviewclarifiesconceptualdifferencesbetweenreproductivestrategiesandmatingtactics.Morespecifically,wereviewandcontrastmodels/theoriesthatexplainmaintenanceofalternativereproduc-tivestrategiesandmatingtactics,overviewtheirdiversityamongvertebratesandinvertebrates,anddiscussevolutionaryandphysiologicalmechanismsunderlyingthisdiversity.Weconcludedbyprovidingfutureresearchdirectionsthatwillbeimpor-tantinsynthesizingourunderstandingofalternativematingstrategiesandtactics.Keywords:reproductivestrategy;matingtactic;sexualselection;fitness;matecompetition,(Andersson,1994),,,(Gross,1996;Shuster&Wade,2003;Tomkins&Haze,l2007)Darwin(1871),Maynard-SmithPrice(1973)(Gametheo-ry,GT),,,(fitness)(reproductivestrategies)(matingtactics),????1(reproductivestrategy)(matingtactic),,,(Neumann&Morgenstern,1994)Maynard-SmithPriceDarkins,(Darwin,1871;Maynard-Smith&Price,1973;Dawkins,1980),,,,,Dominey(1984),,,,,(tactic),Taborsky(2008):,,,10022010296SichuanJournalofZoologyVol29No62010,,(reproductivetactic),,,;,,,,(Gross,1996)Taborsky(2008)221(alternativestrategies)Darkins(purestrategies)(Dawkins,1980;Gross,1996):,,AA,BB,,AA,BB,(conditionalstrategies)(Dominey,1984),Gross(1996),,,;,,ParacerceissculptaUtastansburiana,3:(harems)(mimic)(sneaking)(Shuster,1989;Shuster&Wade,1991ab)ShusterSassaman(1997):3,(transfermer,Tfr),3,,:,;,;,,3,4~5(Sinervo&Lively,1996;Sinervo&Zamudio,2001;Sinervoetal,20012007)22(mixedstrategies)Darkins(1980):,,p,1-p,,,,,(Dominey,1984)Gross(1996),,,,,23Darkins(1980)Gross(1996),:,,X,Y,X,Y,,,(Cooper&Telford,2000)Onthophagustaurus,,;,(Moc-zek,1999)Lacertamonticola,,;,(Aragnetal,20012004),,(Emlen,1976),,(,2001)331(evolutionarystablestrategy,ESS),,(Neumann&Morgenstern,1994)May-nard-SmithPrice(1973)Darkins(1980),,1,:,,,Maynard-Smith(1982)-:,,,,Maynard-Smith32(satellitethresholdmode,lSTM)Waltz(1982)(dominanttactics)(satellitetactics),10032010296SichuanJournalofZoologyVol29No620101(Darkins,1976)Table1TheGameofreproductivestrategiesbetweenmaleandfemale(Darkins,1976)FemaleCoyFastMaleFaithful2,22,5Philanderer0,015,-5:,,+15,-20,-3,,+15-10-3=+2,,,,+15-10=+5,(Comments:thenumbersinthetablerepresentvariouscostsandbenefits,thecostisexpressedasnegativeandthebenefitisshownaspos-itiveSupposethatthegeneticpay-offgainedbyeachparentaschildisrearedsuccessfullyis+15,thecostofrearingonechildis-20,thecostofcourtingis-3Imagineapopulationinwhichallfemalesarecoyandallmalesarefaithfu,lthenaveragepay-offforeachis+15-10-3=+2,nowsupposeasinglefastfemaleentersthepopulation,sheneedsnottopayforcourtingcost,soheraveragepay-offperchildis+15-10=+5,thereforefastreproductivestrategywillstarttospread):(floating);(sneaking,,);(satellite,,)(malequalityselection),(sitequalityselection),,(diminishingreturnseffect),Ranacatesbiana,,,(Howard,1978ab)33(frequency-dependentselection,FDS),,Poulton(1982),,,,,,,(Gross,1996)34(status-dependentselection,SDS),,,(1)(Darkins,1976),,(Tomkins&Haze,l2007):(Walling,2008)(Learyetal,2005;Wadaetal,2005;Stoltz&Nef,f2006;Raihanietal,2008;Watanabeetal,2008)(Aragnetal,20012004)(,)(Moczek,1999;Judge&Brooks,2001;Kolluru&Grether,2005;Larison,2009)()(Gao&Kang,2006;Bleayetal,2007;Learyetal,2008)(Knappetal,2003;Learyetal,2006)(Tsubak,i2003;Pichetal,2008)1Fig1TheSDSmodelXYS*X,Y(Gross,1996;Tomkins&Haze,l2007)FitnessfunctionsforthealternativetacticsXandYoverlayanormaldistr-ibutionofstatusforindividualsinapopulationThefitnessfunctionsinter-sectatthestatuss*FilledarrowsindicatetheproportionofthepopulationadoptingtacticsX(grey)versustacticsY(black)(Gross,1996;Tomkins&Haze,l2007)35(environmentallycuedthresholdmod-e,lECT)TomkinsHazel(2007)Gross(1996)ShusterWade(2003),SDS,ShusterWadeSDS,,(switchpoint),ECT,(),X,Y,,ECT,Hetaerinaameri-cana(territorial)(nonterritorial),(switching);Urosaurusorna-tus,,(Learyetal,2008;Raihanietal,2008;Thakeretal,2009)10042010296SichuanJournalofZoologyVol29No62010441Darwin(1871):,,:,,(chosensex),,,,,(Andersson,1994;Shuster&Wade,2003),,,,(coercion)(endurance)(Fuetal,2001),,,,(Waltz,1982),:,;;(lek),(Emlen,1976)Panorpa3:(),;,;,(Thornhil,l1979)42,,(Taborskyetal,2008),Anoliscarolinensis,,,(Bloch&Irschick,2006)Ctenophorusdecresii,,(Stuart-Foxetal,2004),,(Taborskyetal,2008)5,(relativeplasticityhypothesis,RPH)(orga