修辞之四---parallelism

Parallelism(Parallelstructure)Aparallelismisafigureofspeechthatusessimilarstructuresinseparatesentencestoexpressrelatedideasandwithwhichthesentenceisemphaticandforceful.Inparallelstructureitisnecessarytobalancewordforword,phraseforphrase,clauseforclauseandsentenceforsentence.（平行结构就是把结构相同、意义并重、语气一致的词组或句子排列成串，形成一个整体。其特点是：结构上整齐匀称，读起来铿锵有力。）Parallelismcanbearrangedthroughthefollowingways:Bywords（单词平行）：Asuccessionofstartledsubstituteshadstoodbeforethem,ducked,wincedandfled.接连几个在他们面前受了惊吓的代课老师最终都躲避、退缩、逃走。AnEnglishmanthinksseated;aFrenchman,standing;anAmerican,pacing;anIrishman,afterward.(O'Malley)英国人坐着想，法国人站着想，美国人走着想，爱尔兰人事后想。Shewasawomanofmeanunderstanding,littleinformation,anduncertaintemper.她是个智力贫乏、不学无术、喜怒无常的女人。Theletter,short,cold,sharp-tongued,wasunexpected.这封简短、冷淡、挖苦的信，是出乎意外的。Byphrases（短语平行）：Youcangothereonfoot,bybusorbytrain.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.(FrancisBacon:OfStudies)读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。Wecangainknowledge,byreading,byreflection,byobservationorbypractice.求知门径很多，或阅读，或回忆，或观察，或实践。Byclauses（从句平行）：Iwillwaituntilyoucalloruntilshecomes.Afatherwhospendstimewithhissonandwhothoughtfullyanswershisson'squestionwillberespectedandloved.花时间陪儿子玩、认真回答儿子的问题的父亲必会受到尊敬和爱戴。Bysentences（句子平行）：Rhetoricalparallelism（排比）Weshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheair.(W.S.Churchill)我们将在陆地上与他作战；我们将在海上与他作战；我们将在天空中与他作战。Wewillneverparley.WewillnevernegotiatewithHitleroranyofhisgang.(W.S.Churchill)我们决不谈判，我们决不与希特勒或者他的任何帮凶协商。