习题解答习题3-2某过江隧道底面宽度为33m,隧道A、B段下的土层分布依次为:A段,粉质粘土,软塑,厚度2m,Es=4.2MPa,其下为基岩;B段,粘土,硬塑,厚度12m,Es=18.4MPa,其下为基岩。试分别计算A、B段的地基基床系数,并比较计算结果。〔解〕本题属薄压缩层地基,可按式(10-52)计算。A段:3/210024200mkNhEksAB段:3/15331218400mkNkB比较上述计算结果可知,并非土越硬,其基床系数就越大。基床系数不仅与土的软硬有关,更与地基可压缩土层的厚度有关。习题3-3如图10-13中承受集中荷载的钢筋混凝土条形基础的抗弯刚度EI=2×106kN·m2,梁长l=10m,底面宽度b=2m,基床系数k=4199kN/m3,试计算基础中点C的挠度、弯矩和基底净反力。〔解〕图10-13146418.01024241994mEIkb9.0518.0x8.11018.0l查相关函数表,得Ax=0.57120,Bx=0.31848,Cx=-0.06574,Dx=0.25273,Al=0.12342,Cl=-0.19853,Dl=-0.03765,El=4.61834,Fl=-1.52865。(1)计算外荷载在无限长梁相应于A、B两截面上所产生的弯矩和剪力Ma、Va、Mb、Vb由式(10-47)及式(10-50)得:mkNDMCFMxxa9.10325273.0210006574.018.04100024 mkNDMCFMxxb7.7825273.0210006574.018.04100024 kNAMDFVxxa2.12157120.0218.010025273.02100022 kNAMDFVxxa5.13157120.0218.010025273.02100022 (2)计算梁端边界条件力FA=(El+FlDl)Va+λ(El-FlAl)Ma-(Fl+ElDl)Vb+λ(Fl-ElAl)Mb=(4.61834+1.52865×0.03756)×121.2+0.18×(4.61834+1.52865×0.12342)×(-103.9)-(-1.52865-4.61834×0.03756)×(-131.5)+0.18×(-1.52865-4.61834×0.12342)×(-78.7)=282.7kNFB=(Fl+ElDl)Va+λ(Fl-ElAl)Ma-(El+FlDl)Vb+λ(El-FlAl)Mb=(-1.52865-4.61834×0.03756)×121.2+0.18×(-1.52865-4.61834×0.12342)×(-103.9)-(4.61834+1.52865×0.03756)×(-131.5)+0.18×(4.61834+1.52865×0.12342)×(-78.7)=379.8kN 18.022.12119853.052865.161834.422blllblllalllalllAMDEFVCEFMDFEVCFEM 9.10303756.052865.161834.418.025.13119853.061834.452865.1 7.7803756.061834.452865.1=-396.7kN·m 18.022.12119853.061834.452865.122blllblllalllalllBMDFEVCFEMDEFVCEFM 9.10303756.061834.452865.118.025.13119853.052865.161834.4 7.7803756.052865.161834.4=756.8kN·m(3)计算基础中点C的挠度、弯矩和基底净反力mmmkbFBkbMMAkbFFwxBAxBAC4.130134.024199218.0100031848.02419918.0)8.7567.396(57120.024199218.08.3797.2822)(2)(22 + mkNMFDMMCFFMxBAxBAC6.1232210018.04100025273.028.7567.396)06574.0(18.048.3797.2822424 pC=kwC=4199×0.0134=56.3kPa习题4-1截面边长为400mm的钢筋混凝土实心方桩,打入10m深的淤泥和淤泥质土后,支承在中风化的硬质岩石上。已知作用在桩顶的竖向压力为800kN,桩身的弹性模量为3×104N/mm2。试估算该桩的沉降量。〔解〕该桩属于端承桩,桩侧阻力可忽略不计,桩端为中风化的硬质岩石,其变形亦可忽略不计。因此,桩身压缩量即为该桩的沉降量,即mmmAENls67.100167.01034.04.0108007习题4-2某场区从天然地面起往下的土层分布是:粉质粘土,厚度l1=3m,qs1a=24kPa;粉土,厚度l2=6m,qs2a=20kPa;中密的中砂,qs3a=30kPa,qpa=2600kPa。现采用截面边长为350mm×350mm的预制桩,承台底面在天然地面以下1.0m,桩端进入中密中砂的深度为1.0m,试确定单桩承载力特征值。〔解〕 isiapppaalquAqRkN7.595)130620224(35.0435.035.02600 习题4-3某场地土层情况(自上而下)为:第一层杂填土,厚度1.0m;第二层为淤泥,软塑状态,厚度6.5m,qsa=6kPa;第三层为粉质粘土,厚度较大,qsa=40kPa;qpa=1800kPa。现需设计一框架内柱(截面为300mm×450mm)的预制桩基础。柱底在地面处的荷载为:竖向力Fk=1850kN,弯矩Mk=135kN·m,水平力Hk=75kN,初选预制桩截面为350mm×350mm。试设计该桩基础。〔解〕(1)确定单桩竖向承载力特征值设承台埋深1.0m,桩端进入粉质粘土层4.0m,则 isiapppaalquAqRkN1.499)4405.66(35.0435.035.01800 结合当地经验,取Ra=500kN。(2)初选桩的根数和承台尺寸根。根,暂取47.35001850akRFn取桩距s=3bp=3×0.35=1.05m,承台边长:1.05+2×0.35=1.75m。桩的布置和承台平面尺寸如图11-12所示。暂取承台厚度h=0.8m,桩顶嵌入承台50mm,钢筋网直接放在桩顶上,承台底设C10混凝土垫层,则承台有效高度h0=h-0.05=0.8-0.05=0.75m。采用C20混凝土,HRB335级钢筋。(3)桩顶竖向力计算及承载力验算(可以) kNRkNnGFQakkk5008.4774175.12018502(可以) kNRkNxxhHMnGFQajkkkkk6002.18.577525.04525.01751358.47722maxmax桩的水平承载力问题)(此值不大,可不考虑kNnHHkik8.18475(4)计算桩顶竖向力设计值扣除承台和其上填土自重后的桩顶竖向力设计值为:kNnFN4.6244185035.1kNxxhHMNNjkk4.759525.04525.017513535.14.62435.122maxmax (5)承台受冲切承载力验算图11-121)柱边冲切a0x=525-225-175=125mm,a0y=525-150-175=200mm2.02.0167.07501250000xxxha,取2.0267.0750200000hayy10.22.02.084.02.084.000xx80.12.0267.084.02.084.000yy(可以)kNFkNhfahablthpxcyycx2498185035.1344075.011001125.045.080.12.03.010.222000002)角桩冲切c1=c2=0.525m,a1x=a0x=0.125m,a1y=a0y=0.2m,λ1x=λ0x=0.2,λ1y=λ0y=0.26740.12.02.056.02.056.011xx20.12.0267.056.02.056.011yy(可以)kNNkNhfacacthpxyyx4.759130475.0110012125.0525.02.122.0525.04.122max0111121(6)承台受剪切承载力计算对柱短边边缘截面:λx=λ0x=0.20.3,取λx=0.3346.10.13.075.10.175.1(可以) kNNkNhbfths8.15184.75922194375.075.11100346.11max00对柱长边边缘截面:λy=λ0y=0.2670.3,取λy=0.3346.1(可以)kNNkNhbfths8.12484.62422194300(7)承台受弯承载力计算Mx=∑Niyi=2×624.4×0.375=468.3kN·m26023137503009.0103.4689.0mmhfMAyxs选用16φ14,As=2460mm2,平行于y轴方向均匀布置。My=∑Nixi=2×759.4×0.3=455.6kN·m26022507503009.0106.4559.0mmhfMAyys选用15φ14,As=2307mm2,平行于x轴方向均匀布置。配筋示意图略。附加例题某4桩承台埋深1m,桩中心距1.6m,承台边长为2.5m,作用在承台顶面的荷载标准值为Fk=2000kN,Mk=200kN·m。若单桩竖向承载力特征值Ra=550kN,试验算单桩承载力是否满足要求。〔解〕(可以) kNRkNnGFQakkk5503.531415.25.2202000(可以) kNRkNxxMnGFQajkkkk6602.18.5938.048.02003.53122maxmax习题4-4(1)如图11-11所示为某环形刚性承台下桩基平面图的1/4。如取对称轴为坐标轴,荷载偏心方向为x轴,试由式(11-4)导出单桩桩顶竖向力计算公式如下:3122jjjikkkikrnxMnGFQ式中Mk――竖向荷载Fk+Gk对y轴的力矩,Mk=(Fk+Gk)·e;e――竖向荷载偏心距;nj――半径为rj的同心圆圆周上的桩数。图11-11(2)图中桩基的总桩数n=60,设竖向荷载Fk+Gk=12MN,其偏心距e=0.8m;分别处于半径r1=2.5m,r2=3.5m,r3=4.5m的同心圆圆周上的桩数目n1=12,n2=20,n3=28,求最大和最小的单桩桩顶竖向力Qkmax和Qkmin。〔解〕(1)222iiiyxrninininiiiiixyxr111122222nijjjniiirnrx13121222121所以312122jjjikkkniiikkkikrnxMnG